The Global Advanced Battery and Energy Storage Market
報告摘要
The global advanced batteries and energy storage market has entered a new structural phase defined by industrial policy, geopolitical realignment, and the technological consolidation of lithium-ion as the dominant chemistry across both mobility and stationary applications. LFP has emerged as the cost leader anchoring mass-market EV and battery energy storage system deployments, while high-nickel NMC and NCA formulations retain the performance leadership position for premium, long-range, and high-specific-energy applications. Silicon-carbon composite anodes have transitioned from laboratory research to mass commercial deployment, first in premium consumer electronics and increasingly in automotive applications, establishing themselves as the dominant near-term pathway for energy-density improvement ahead of the longer-term solid-state transition.
Three developments in late 2025 and early 2026 have materially reshaped competitive dynamics. First, China announced export restrictions in October 2025 targeting batteries with energy densities above 300 Wh/kg, directly affecting Western supply of high-energy-density cells and accelerating the commercial case for domestic production across the United States, Europe, Korea, and Japan. Second, defence and military drone battery demand has emerged as a material new segment, driven by the operational effectiveness of battery-powered drones demonstrated in the Ukraine conflict and the Pentagon's accelerated procurement response, with national-security venture capital including IQT (the CIA-founded investment firm) flowing into high-energy-density cell developers. Third, the solid-state battery commercialisation landscape is undergoing significant differentiation: Factorial Energy has secured development agreements with Mercedes-Benz (a 745-mile EQS demonstration in late 2025), Stellantis, Hyundai, Kia, and Karma Automotive, while other Western players face commercial headwinds as automotive OEMs recalibrate their EV investment timelines.
The industrial-policy landscape is reshaping supply chains fundamentally. The US One Big Beautiful Bill Act preserves the 45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit while tightening foreign-entity-of-concern restrictions affecting Chinese-supplied materials and equipment. The EU Critical Raw Materials Act establishes ambitious targets for domestic mining, processing, and recycled content by 2030, supported by the Green Deal Industrial Plan and Innovation Fund. The UK Cap and Floor Scheme provides revenue certainty for long-duration energy storage developers. These frameworks collectively create structural advantages for non-Chinese cell manufacturers and materials producers while simultaneously raising the competitive bar for the Western battery industry to achieve cost and operational parity with incumbent Asian producers.
Battery energy storage systems have emerged as arguably the fastest-growing clean-energy technology globally, with demand driven by accelerating renewable energy penetration, rising data-centre power requirements linked to AI compute growth, and the continuing build-out of electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Beyond lithium-ion, emerging chemistries including sodium-ion, redox flow (vanadium and non-vanadium), iron-air, and CO₂-based systems are establishing application-specific positions in the broader energy storage landscape, particularly in stationary, long-duration, and specialty applications where lithium-ion's structural cost and duration characteristics become less favourable. The overall market is transitioning from a phase of rapid capacity build-out toward a phase of operational excellence, cost optimisation, and technology differentiation as competition intensifies across all segments.
The Global Advanced Battery and Energy Storage Market 2026–2036 provides an authoritative analysis of the global advanced battery and energy storage market from 2026 to 2036, delivered across more than 2,000 pages of technical, commercial, and strategic content. The report covers the complete spectrum of lithium-ion and beyond-lithium battery technologies, spanning electric vehicle applications, stationary energy storage, off-highway machinery electrification, commercial and industrial power systems, and emerging defence and specialty applications.
The report tracks the rapidly evolving competitive and policy landscape including the October 2025 China export restrictions on advanced batteries, the US One Big Beautiful Bill Act, the EU Critical Raw Materials Act, the UK Cap and Floor Scheme for long-duration energy storage, and the accelerating industrial response driving domestic cell, cathode, anode, and precursor manufacturing capacity across the United States, Europe, Korea, and Japan. Detailed market forecasts are provided across all major application segments and geographic regions.
Technology coverage extends across lithium-ion batteries and their evolving chemistries (LFP, LMFP, high-nickel NMC, NCA), lithium-metal, lithium-sulfur, lithium-titanate, sodium-ion, sodium-sulfur, aluminium-ion, zinc-based, solid-state (including semi-solid-state, sulfide, oxide, and polymer-based architectures), structural battery composites, flexible batteries, printed batteries, transparent and degradable batteries, redox flow batteries (vanadium, iron-based, zinc-based, organic, hydrogen-based, and CO₂-based chemistries), and AI-enabled battery technology. Silicon-carbon composite anodes receive dedicated treatment as the dominant near-term energy-density upgrade pathway.
Application analysis covers passenger EVs across all segments, electric commercial vehicles, off-highway machines (construction, agriculture, and mining), battery storage for data centres and commercial/industrial applications, telecommunications and 5G/6G base-station backup, EV charging infrastructure, grid-scale utility storage, microgrids, consumer electronics, aerospace, defence and military drones, and emerging specialty markets.
Supply chain and materials analysis spans cathode active materials, anode materials (graphite, silicon, silicon-carbon composite, lithium metal), electrolytes, separators, current collectors, binders, conductive additives, pack-level materials (thermal, fire, structural), advanced sensors and wireless battery management systems, and the rapidly expanding battery recycling sector. The report includes extensive discussion of PFAS-free additives and the regulatory transition away from fluoropolymer binders, alongside comprehensive battery recycling market analysis covering hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and direct recycling approaches.
The report concludes with detailed profiles of the leading companies across the complete global battery value chain.
Executive Summary — The Li-ion Battery Market in 2025; the new battery policy landscape, geopolitics, national security, and defence demand; Global Market Forecasts to 2036
Li-ion Batteries — market drivers, megatrends, advanced materials, battery chemistries, types, anode materials, silicon-carbon composite anodes, electrolytes, cathodes, binders and conductive additives, separators, high-performance Li-ion systems approaching 350 Wh/kg, PFAS-free battery additives and regulatory transitions, platinum group metals, Li-ion recycling, global revenues, EV battery cell and pack materials outlook
Lithium-Metal Batteries — technology description, solid-state batteries and lithium metal anodes, energy density, anode-less cells, hybrid batteries, applications, SWOT analysis, product developers
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries — operating principle, costs, material composition, lithium intensity, value chain, markets, SWOT analysis, global revenues, product developers
Lithium Titanate (LTO) and Niobate Batteries — technology description, global revenues, future outlook, product developers
Sodium-Ion (Na-Ion) Batteries — technology description, comparative analysis with other battery types, cost comparison with Li-ion, materials in sodium-ion cells, SWOT analysis, global revenues, market growth drivers, technology roadmap, future outlook, product developers
Sodium-Sulfur Batteries — technology description, applications, SWOT analysis
Aluminium-Ion Batteries — technology description, SWOT analysis, commercialization, global revenues, product developers
Solid-State Batteries — introduction, technology description, features and advantages, technical specifications, types, technology readiness and manufacturing status, automotive OEM strategies and deployment timelines, microbatteries, bulk type solid-state batteries, SWOT analysis, limitations, global revenues, commercialization timeline, product developers
Structural Battery Composites — introduction, materials and architecture, applications, technical challenges, supply chain, market forecasts, safety considerations, environmental profile
Flexible Batteries — technology description, technical specifications, flexible electronics, flexible materials, flexible and wearable metal-sulfur batteries, flexible and wearable metal-air batteries, flexible Li-ion batteries, flexible Li/S batteries, flexible Li-MnO₂ batteries, flexible zinc-based batteries, fiber-shaped batteries, energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage, SWOT analysis, global revenues, companies
Transparent Batteries — technology description, components, SWOT analysis, market outlook
Degradable Batteries — technology description, components, SWOT analysis, market outlook, product developers
Printed Batteries — technical specifications, components, design, key features, printable current collectors and electrodes, materials, applications, printing techniques, Li-ion printed batteries, zinc-based printed batteries, 3D printed batteries, SWOT analysis, global revenues, product developers
Redox Flow Batteries — technology description, market overview, technology benchmarking, chemistry selection matrix by application, component technologies and cost reduction pathways, component innovation, types (VRFB, Zn-Br, PSB, Fe-Cr, All-Iron, Zn-Fe, H-Br, H-Mn, organic, CO₂-based, emerging and hybrid flow batteries), markets for RFBs, global revenues, key trends, regional market analysis, long-duration energy storage positioning, levelised cost of storage vs Li-ion LFP by duration, policy frameworks, market forecast to 2036 by chemistry and region
Zn-Based Batteries — technology description, market outlook, product developers
Batteries in Off-highway Machines — introduction to electric off-highway machines, electric construction, agriculture, and mining machines, battery requirements, turnkey battery technologies, battery suppliers and case studies, future battery technologies, global market forecast, outlook
Battery Storage for Data Centres, Commercial & Industrial Applications — C&I BESS applications and market overview, technology landscape, US LFP manufacturing transition (45X, FEOC, tariff dynamics), Li-ion C&I BESS cost structure, key players, market outlook
AI Battery Technology — overview, applications
Cell and Battery Design — cell design, cell performance, battery packs, advanced battery pack sensors and remote monitoring, wireless BMS
Company Profiles — 449 detailed profiles across the complete battery value chain
Research Methodology and References
Companies profiled in this report include: 2D Fab AB, 24M Technologies, 3DOM, 6K Energy, Abound Energy, AC Biode, ACCURE Battery Intelligence, Achelous Pure Metal Company, Accu't, Addionics, Advano, Advanced Solid-state Electrolyte Technology (ASET), AEGIS Critical Energy Defence Corp., Agora Energy Technologies, Aionics, AirMembrane Corporation, Allegro Energy, Allye Energy, AlphaESS, Alsym Energy, Altairnano/Yinlong, Altris, Aluma Power, Altech Batteries, Ambri, AMO Greentech, Ampcera, Amprius, AMTE Power, Anaphite, Anhui Anwa New Energy, Anthro Energy, APB Corporation, Appear, Argylium, Ascend Elements, AZUL Energy, BASF (Sodium-Ion), Basquevolt, Battri, BeePlanet Factory, BESSt, Biwatt Power, Blackstone Resources, Blue Current, Blue Solutions, BrightVolt, BTRY AG, BYD Energy Storage, Calibrant Energy, CATL, CellCube, Chongqing Tailan New Energy, CIC EnergiGUNE, CMBlu Energy, Connected Energy, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd, Coreshell Technologies, Cornish Lithium, Cymbet, Cuberg, Cylib, DFD Energy, Donut Lab, Dowa Eco-System, Duesenfeld, Dynanonic, Eaton Corporation, EBS Square, ECOPRO BM, EcoBat, Econili Battery, Elestor, Electra Battery Materials Corporation, Elemental Holding, Elite Battery Systems, ElecJet, Emulsion Flow Technologies, ENEOS, Energizer Holdings, Energy Source, Enerpoly, Enerpize, Enim, Enovix, EnPower Greentech, Ensurge Micropower, Eramet, ESS Tech, EticaAG, EVE Energy, Exawatt, Factorial Energy, Faradion, Farasis Energy, FDK Corporation, Fluence, Form Energy, Fortum Battery Recycling, Forge Nano, Forsee Power, Foxess, Freudenberg, FREYR Battery, Front Edge Technology, FuelCell Energy, Ganfeng Lithium, GEM Co., GivEnergy, GLC Recycle, Glencore, Gotion, Graphene Manufacturing Group (GMG), Graphite One, Grepow, Green Energy Storage, Green Graphite Technologies, Green Li-ion, Green Mineral, GQenergy, GRST, Growatt, Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech, H2 Inc., Hansol Chemical, Hanwha, Heiwitt, HiNa Battery Technologies, Highstar, Hithium, Honeycomb Battery Company, Huayou Cobalt, HydroVolt, Hyundai, IBC Solar, Idemitsu Kosan, Ilika, Imerys, Immersa, Indi Energy, Infinity Power, Inmetco, Innolith, Ion Storage Systems, Ionblox, Ionomr Innovations, ITEN, J-Cycle, JinkoSolar, Jinghe Energy, JX Nippon Metal Mining, Kemiwatt, Korea Zinc, Korid Energy/AVESS, KoreaGraph, Koura, Kusumoto Chemicals, Kyoei Seiko, Largo, Le System, Lepu Sodium Power, LG Chem, LG Energy Solutions, LI Industries, Li-Cycle, Li-Fun Technology, Li-Metal Corp, Li-S Energy, LiBest, LiCAP Technologies, LiNa Energy, Libode New Material, Librec, Lightyear Engine, LIND, Lithium Werks, Livium Australia, Livoltek, LionVolt, Lionrock Batteries, Lohum, LOTTE Energy Materials Corporation, Lucky Sodium Storage, Luxera Energy, Lyten, Materia AI, Mecaware, Meine Electric, Merck, Metastable Materials, Micromet, Microvast, Mitra Future Technologies, Mitsubishi Chemical, Mitsubishi Electric, Mitsubishi Materials, Molyon, Monolith AI, Moonwatt, Morrow Batteries, Murata Manufacturing, Nacelle, Nacoe Energy, Nano One Materials, NanoGraf, NanoPow, Nanom, Nanomakers, Nanoramic Laboratories, Nanoresearch, Nanotech Energy, Narada Power, Nascent Materials, Natrium Energy, Natron Energy, Nawa Technologies, NBD, NDB, NEC Corporation, NEI Corporation, Nexeon, NEU Battery Materials, NGK Insulators, NIO, Nippon Chemicon, Nippon Electric Glass, Noco-noco, Noon Energy and more
授權報價
| Single User | $1,200 GBP |
目錄 Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 57
1.1 The Li-ion Battery Market 57
1.2 The new battery policy landscape: geopolitics, national security, and defence demand 59
1.3 Global Market Forecasts to 2036 60
1.3.1 Addressable markets 60
1.3.2 Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (GWh) 61
1.3.2.1 Battery Chemistry Distribution by Vehicle Type 2036 62
1.3.2.2 OEM Strategies 2036 63
1.3.3 Li-ion battery market value for XEV ($B) 63
1.3.3.1 Market Value Dynamics 65
1.3.3.2 Price Trajectory Drivers 65
1.3.4 Semi-solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 66
1.3.4.1 Technology Roadmap 69
1.3.4.2 Competitive Positioning 70
1.3.4.3 Technology Evolution 2025-2036 71
1.3.5 Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B) 72
1.3.5.1 Pricing Dynamics 73
1.3.6 Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 73
1.3.7 Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh) 76
1.3.7.1 Growth Analysis 78
1.3.8 Sodium-ion battery market value ($B) 78
1.3.8.1 Pricing Analysis 80
1.3.8.2 Profitability Outlook for Sodium-Ion Manufacturers 80
1.3.9 Li-ion battery demand versus beyond Li-ion batteries demand 81
1.3.9.1 Market Transition Analysis 81
1.3.9.2 Long-Term Outlook (Post-2036) 82
1.3.9.3 Why Beyond Li-ion Remains Limited Through 2036 83
1.3.9.4 Market Share Trajectories by Technology 84
1.3.10 BEV car cathode forecast (GWh) 85
1.3.11 BEV anode forecast (GWh) 87
1.3.12 BEV anode forecast ($B) 88
1.3.13 EV cathode forecast (GWh) 89
1.3.14 EV Anode forecast (GWh) 91
1.3.15 Advanced anode forecast (GWh) 92
1.3.16 Advanced anode forecast (S$B) 94
1.3.16.1 Market Dynamics 2036 95
1.4 The global market for advanced Li-ion batteries 95
1.4.1 Electric vehicles 97
1.4.1.1 Market overview 97
1.4.1.2 Battery Electric Vehicles 97
1.4.1.3 Electric buses, vans and trucks 98
1.4.1.3.1 Electric medium and heavy duty trucks 99
1.4.1.3.2 Electric light commercial vehicles (LCVs) 99
1.4.1.3.3 Electric buses 100
1.4.1.3.4 Micro EVs 101
1.4.1.4 Electric off-road 101
1.4.1.4.1 Construction vehicles 101
1.4.1.4.2 Electric trains 103
1.4.1.4.3 Electric boats 104
1.4.1.5 Off-highway machines: construction, agriculture and mining 105
1.4.1.6 Market demand and forecasts 106
1.4.1.7 Market Analysis 107
1.4.1.7.1 BEV Passenger Cars - Dominant Segment 107
1.4.1.7.2 PHEV Passenger Cars - Transitional Technology: 108
1.4.1.7.3 Profitability Analysis 2036 110
1.4.1.7.4 Electric Buses 112
1.4.1.7.5 Delivery Vans 112
1.4.1.7.6 Medium-Duty Trucks 113
1.4.1.7.7 Heavy-Duty Trucks 113
1.4.1.7.8 Micro-EVs 115
1.4.1.7.8.1 Micro-EV Market Overview 115
1.4.2 Grid storage 118
1.4.2.1 Market overview 118
1.4.2.2 Technologies 119
1.4.2.3 Market demand and forecasts 120
1.4.2.4 Utility-Scale Grid Storage 121
1.4.2.4.1 Application Categories 121
1.4.2.5 Key Market Drivers 122
1.4.2.6 Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage 123
1.4.2.6.1 Application Categories: 123
1.4.2.7 Residential Grid Storage 125
1.4.2.7.1 Application Categories 125
1.4.2.7.2 Market Outlook 127
1.4.3 Consumer electronics 127
1.4.3.1 Market overview 127
1.4.3.2 Technologies 127
1.4.3.3 Market demand and forecasts 128
1.4.4 Stationary batteries 129
1.4.4.1 Market overview 129
1.4.4.2 Technologies 130
1.4.4.3 Market demand and forecasts 130
1.5 Market drivers 130
1.6 Battery market megatrends 132
1.7 Advanced materials for batteries 134
1.8 Motivation for battery development beyond lithium 138
1.9 Battery chemistries 140
2 LI-ION BATTERIES 145
2.1 Types of Lithium Batteries 148
2.2 Anode materials 150
2.2.1 Graphite 152
2.2.2 Lithium Titanate 152
2.2.3 Lithium Metal 152
2.2.4 Silicon anodes 152
2.3 SWOT analysis 153
2.4 Trends in the Li-ion battery market 154
2.5 Li-ion technology roadmap 154
2.6 Silicon anodes 156
2.6.1 Benefits 157
2.6.2 Silicon anode performance 158
2.6.3 Development in li-ion batteries 160
2.6.3.1 Manufacturing silicon 161
2.6.3.2 Commercial production 162
2.6.3.3 Costs 164
2.6.3.4 Value chain 164
2.6.3.5 Markets and applications 165
2.6.3.5.1 EVs 166
2.6.3.5.2 Consumer electronics 167
2.6.3.5.3 Energy Storage 168
2.6.3.5.4 Portable Power Tools 168
2.6.3.5.5 Emergency Backup Power 169
2.6.3.6 Future outlook 169
2.6.4 Consumption 170
2.6.4.1 By anode material type 170
2.6.4.2 By end use market 172
2.6.4.3 Market Segment Analysis 174
2.6.4.3.1 Passenger EVs 174
2.6.4.3.2 Commercial EVs 174
2.6.4.3.3 Consumer Electronics 175
2.6.4.3.4 Stationary Storage 175
2.6.4.3.5 Industrial & Others 176
2.6.5 Alloy anode materials 177
2.6.6 Silicon-carbon composites 177
2.6.7 Silicon oxides and coatings 178
2.6.8 Carbon nanotubes in Li-ion 178
2.6.9 Graphene coatings for Li-ion 179
2.6.10 Prices 179
2.6.10.1 Price Trend Analysis and Drivers 180
2.6.10.1.1 Natural Graphite 180
2.6.10.1.2 Synthetic Graphite 180
2.6.10.1.3 Silicon-Graphite Composite 181
2.6.10.1.4 Silicon-Dominant 182
2.6.10.1.5 Lithium Metal 182
2.6.10.1.6 Lithium Titanate/LTO 183
2.6.11 Companies 184
2.7 Li-ion electrolytes 185
2.8 Cathodes 185
2.8.1 Materials 185
2.8.1.1 High and Ultra-High nickel cathode materials 187
2.8.1.1.1 Types 187
2.8.1.1.2 Benefits 187
2.8.1.1.3 Stability 188
2.8.1.1.4 Single Crystal Cathodes 190
2.8.1.1.5 Commercial activity 191
2.8.1.1.6 Manufacturing 191
2.8.1.1.7 High manganese content 192
2.8.1.2 Zero-cobalt NMx 192
2.8.1.2.1 Overview 192
2.8.1.2.2 Ultra-high nickel, zero-cobalt cathodes 192
2.8.1.2.3 Extending the operating voltage 193
2.8.1.2.4 Operating NMC cathodes at high voltages 193
2.8.1.3 Lithium-Manganese-Rich (Li-Mn-Rich, LMR-NMC) 194
2.8.1.3.1 Li-Mn-rich cathodes LMR-NMC 194
2.8.1.3.2 Stability 195
2.8.1.3.3 Energy density 195
2.8.1.3.4 Commercialization 197
2.8.1.3.5 Hybrid battery chemistry design for manganese-rich 199
2.8.1.4 Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO 200
2.8.1.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP 201
2.8.1.6 Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO 202
2.8.1.7 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC 203
2.8.1.8 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA 203
2.8.1.9 Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnP) 204
2.8.1.10 Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnFePO4 or LMFP) 204
2.8.1.10.1 Key characteristics 204
2.8.1.10.2 LMFP energy density 207
2.8.1.10.3 Costs 207
2.8.1.10.4 Saft phosphate-based cathodes 208
2.8.1.10.5 Commercialization 208
2.8.1.10.6 Challenges 209
2.8.1.10.7 LMFP (lithium manganese iron phosphate) market 210
2.8.1.10.8 Companies 211
2.8.1.11 Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) 212
2.8.1.11.1 Overview 212
2.8.1.11.2 High-voltage spinel cathode LNMO 212
2.8.1.11.3 LNMO energy density 214
2.8.1.11.4 Cathode chemistry selection 214
2.8.1.11.5 LNMO (lithium nickel manganese oxide) high-voltage spinel cathodes cost 215
2.8.1.12 Graphite and LTO 216
2.8.1.13 Silicon 217
2.8.1.14 Lithium metal 217
2.8.2 Alternative Cathode Production 218
2.8.2.1 Production/Synthesis 218
2.8.2.2 Commercial development 219
2.8.2.3 Recycling cathodes 220
2.8.3 Comparison of key lithium-ion cathode materials 222
2.8.4 Emerging cathode material synthesis methods 222
2.8.5 Cathode coatings 223
2.9 Binders and conductive additives 223
2.9.1 Materials 223
2.10 Separators 224
2.10.1 Materials 224
2.11 High-Performance Lithium-Ion Systems: Approaching 350 Wh/kg 224
2.11.1 Energy Density Evolution and Current State 225
2.11.2 Pathways to 350+ Wh/kg 226
2.11.2.1 Cathode Advances 226
2.11.2.2 Anode Advances 226
2.11.2.2.1 Silicon-Graphite Composites (20-40% Si) 226
2.11.2.2.2 Silicon-Dominant Anodes (50-80% Si) 227
2.11.2.2.3 Lithium Metal Anodes 227
2.11.2.3 Electrolyte and Cell Design Optimization 228
2.11.3 Performance Projections and Technology Roadmap 228
2.11.3.1 Critical Dependencies and Risk Factors 229
2.11.4 Commercial Deployment Timeline 229
2.12 Silicon-carbon composite anodes 231
2.12.1 Technology architecture and performance characteristics 231
2.12.2 Manufacturing scale-up 232
2.12.3 Market forecast 232
2.12.4 Key commercial players 233
2.13 PFAS-Free Battery Additives and Regulatory Transitions 234
2.13.1 Global Regulatory Trend Analysis 235
2.13.2 PFAS Materials in Current Battery Manufacturing 235
2.13.3 Non-PFAS Cathode Binders - The Critical Challenge 236
2.13.4 Non-PFAS Cathode Binder Technologies 237
2.13.4.1 Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) and Lithium Polyacrylate (Li-PAA) 237
2.13.4.2 Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Modified Cellulose Derivatives 238
2.13.4.3 Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Acrylamide Copolymers 238
2.13.4.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Synthetic Rubber Derivatives 239
2.13.4.5 Hybrid and Composite Binder Systems 240
2.13.5 PFAS in Electrolyte Additives - Critical Performance Trade-offs 241
2.13.5.1 Major PFAS Electrolyte Additives 242
2.13.6 Market Analysis 244
2.13.6.1 Battery additives market forecast and structural shifts 246
2.13.6.2 Dry electrode processing and its binder implications 247
2.13.6.3 Path to the first PFAS-free commercial Li-ion cell 248
2.14 Platinum group metals 249
2.15 Li-ion battery market players 249
2.16 Li-ion recycling 249
2.16.1 Comparison of recycling techniques 251
2.16.2 Hydrometallurgy 253
2.16.2.1 Method overview 253
2.16.2.1.1 Solvent extraction 254
2.16.2.2 SWOT analysis 255
2.16.3 Pyrometallurgy 256
2.16.3.1 Method overview 256
2.16.3.2 SWOT analysis 256
2.16.4 Direct recycling 257
2.16.4.1 Method overview 257
2.16.4.1.1 Electrolyte separation 258
2.16.4.1.2 Separating cathode and anode materials 259
2.16.4.1.3 Binder removal 259
2.16.4.1.4 Relithiation 259
2.16.4.1.5 Cathode recovery and rejuvenation 260
2.16.4.1.6 Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling 261
2.16.4.2 SWOT analysis 261
2.16.5 Other methods 262
2.16.5.1 Mechanochemical Pretreatment 262
2.16.5.2 Electrochemical Method 262
2.16.5.3 Ionic Liquids 263
2.16.6 Recycling of Specific Components 263
2.16.6.1 Anode (Graphite) 263
2.16.6.2 Cathode 263
2.16.6.3 Electrolyte 264
2.16.7 Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries 264
2.16.7.1 Conventional vs Emerging Processes 264
2.16.8 Companies 265
2.17 Global revenues 276
2.17.1 Passenger EVs 277
2.17.2 Commercial EVs 279
2.17.2.1 Electric Buses 280
2.17.2.2 Medium & Heavy-Duty Trucks 280
2.17.2.3 Light Commercial Vehicles/Vans 281
2.17.2.4 Two/Three-Wheeler EVs 281
2.17.3 Consumer Electronics 283
2.17.4 Stationary Storage 286
2.17.5 Industrial Applications 289
2.17.6 Other Applications 290
2.18 EV Battery Cell and Pack Materials Outlook 292
2.18.1 Cathode materials: the LFP/LMFP and high-nickel bifurcation 293
2.18.2 Anode materials: silicon rises, graphite persists 296
2.18.3 Other cell materials 297
2.18.4 Pack materials: the aluminium-to-composite transition 297
2.18.5 Supply chain localisation and material-security considerations 297
3 LITHIUM-METAL BATTERIES 299
3.1 Technology description 299
3.2 Solid-state batteries and lithium metal anodes 300
3.3 Increasing energy density 301
3.4 Lithium-metal anodes 301
3.4.1 Overview 301
3.5 Challenges 302
3.6 Energy density 303
3.7 Anode-less Cells 303
3.7.1 Overview 303
3.7.2 Benefits 304
3.7.3 Key companies 305
3.8 Lithium-metal and solid-state batteries 306
3.9 Hybrid batteries 306
3.10 Applications 308
3.11 SWOT analysis 309
3.12 Product developers 310
4 LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES 312
4.1 Technology description 312
4.2 Operating principle of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries 313
4.2.1 Advantages 314
4.2.2 Challenges 314
4.2.3 Commercialization 318
4.3 Costs 320
4.4 Material composition 321
4.5 Lithium intensity 322
4.6 Value chain 323
4.7 Markets 324
4.8 SWOT analysis 325
4.9 Global revenues 326
4.9.1 Key Insights and Technology Status 327
4.9.1.1 Commercial Status 328
4.10 Product developers 329
5 LITHIUM TITANATE OXIDE (LTO) AND NIOBATE BATTERIES 330
5.1 Technology description 330
5.1.1 Lithium titanate oxide (LTO) 330
5.1.2 Niobium titanium oxide (NTO) 330
5.1.2.1 Niobium tungsten oxide 331
5.1.2.2 Vanadium oxide anodes 332
5.2 Global revenues 332
5.2.1 Application Analysis 334
5.2.1.1 Electric Buses 334
5.2.1.2 Commercial Vehicles 334
5.2.1.3 Consumer Electronics 335
5.2.1.4 Industrial Equipment 335
5.2.1.5 Grid Frequency Regulation 335
5.3 Future Outlook 335
5.4 Product developers 336
6 SODIUM-ION (NA-ION) BATTERIES 337
6.1 Technology description 337
6.1.1 Cathode materials 337
6.1.1.1 Layered transition metal oxides 337
6.1.1.1.1 Types 337
6.1.1.1.2 Cycling performance 338
6.1.1.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages 339
6.1.1.1.4 Market prospects for LO SIB 339
6.1.1.2 Polyanionic materials 339
6.1.1.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages 340
6.1.1.2.2 Types 340
6.1.1.2.3 Market prospects for Poly SIB 341
6.1.1.3 Prussian blue analogues (PBA) 341
6.1.1.3.1 Types 342
6.1.1.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages 342
6.1.1.3.3 Market prospects for PBA-SIB 343
6.1.2 Anode materials 343
6.1.2.1 Hard carbons 344
6.1.2.2 Carbon black 345
6.1.2.3 Graphite 346
6.1.2.4 Carbon nanotubes 349
6.1.2.5 Graphene 350
6.1.2.6 Alloying materials 351
6.1.2.7 Sodium Titanates 352
6.1.2.8 Sodium Metal 352
6.1.3 Electrolytes 352
6.2 Comparative analysis with other battery types 353
6.3 Cost comparison with Li-ion 354
6.4 Materials in sodium-ion battery cells 354
6.5 SWOT analysis 356
6.6 Global revenues 357
6.6.1 Market Analysis by Application 360
6.6.1.1 Low-Cost EVs 360
6.6.1.2 Grid Energy Storage 360
6.6.1.3 E-bikes and Light EVs 361
6.6.1.4 Consumer Electronics 361
6.7 Market Growth Drivers 361
6.8 Technology Roadmap 362
6.9 Future Outlook 362
6.10 Product developers 363
6.10.1 Battery Manufacturers 363
6.10.2 Large Corporations 363
6.10.3 Automotive Companies 364
6.10.4 Chemicals and Materials Firms 364
7 SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES 365
7.1 Technology description 365
7.2 Applications 366
7.3 SWOT analysis 367
8 ALUMINIUM-ION BATTERIES 369
8.1 Technology description 369
8.1.1 Aluminium-Ion Battery Fundamentals 370
8.2 SWOT analysis 371
8.3 Commercialization 372
8.4 Global revenues 373
8.4.1 Market Analysis by Application 374
8.5 Product developers 376
9 SOLID STATE BATTERIES 377
9.1 Introduction 377
9.2 Technology description 378
9.2.1 Solid-state electrolytes 380
9.3 Features and advantages 381
9.4 Technical specifications 382
9.5 Types 384
9.6 Technology Readiness and Manufacturing Status 386
9.6.1 Manufacturing Process Comparison 388
9.6.2 Critical Manufacturing Challenges and Solutions 389
9.6.2.1 Interface Engineering (Most Critical Challenge) 389
9.6.2.2 Moisture Sensitivity (Sulfide Systems) 390
9.6.2.3 Pressure Management (Oxide and Some Sulfide Systems) 390
9.7 Automotive OEM Strategies and Deployment Timelines 390
9.7.1 Deployment 392
9.7.1.1 OEM Strategic Considerations 393
9.8 Microbatteries 393
9.8.1 Introduction 393
9.8.2 Materials 393
9.8.3 Applications 394
9.8.4 3D designs 394
9.8.4.1 3D printed batteries 394
9.9 Bulk type solid-state batteries 395
9.10 SWOT analysis 395
9.11 Limitations 397
9.12 Global revenues 398
9.13 Commercialization Timeline 399
9.14 Product developers 401
10 STRUCTURAL BATTERY COMPOSITES 403
10.1 Introduction 403
10.2 Materials and Architecture 403
10.3 Applications 405
10.3.1 Electric Vehicle Applications 405
10.3.2 Aerospace and Aviation 406
10.3.3 Consumer Electronics and Portable Devices 407
10.3.4 Construction and Infrastructure 407
10.4 Technical Challenges 407
10.4.1 Energy Density Limitations 407
10.4.2 Long-term Mechanical and Electrochemical Stability 408
10.5 Supply chain 408
10.6 Market Forecasts 409
10.7 Safety Considerations 410
10.7.1 Safety Challenges 410
10.8 Environmental profile of structural battery composites 411
11 FLEXIBLE BATTERIES 413
11.1 Technology description 413
11.2 Technical specifications 414
11.2.1 Approaches to flexibility 414
11.3 Flexible electronics 419
11.4 Flexible materials 420
11.5 Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries 421
11.6 Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries 422
11.7 Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries 422
11.7.1 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs 426
11.7.1.1 Flexible planar LiBs 426
11.7.1.2 Flexible Fiber LiBs 426
11.7.1.3 Flexible micro-LiBs 427
11.7.1.4 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries 428
11.7.1.5 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries 430
11.8 Flexible Li/S batteries 430
11.8.1 Components 431
11.8.2 Carbon nanomaterials 431
11.9 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 432
11.10 Flexible zinc-based batteries 432
11.10.1 Components 433
11.10.1.1 Anodes 433
11.10.1.2 Cathodes 433
11.10.2 Challenges 433
11.10.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries 434
11.10.4 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries 435
11.10.5 Flexible Zn–Air batteries 436
11.10.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries 437
11.11 Fiber-shaped batteries 437
11.11.1 Carbon nanotubes 437
11.11.2 Types 438
11.11.3 Applications 439
11.11.4 Challenges 439
11.12 Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices 440
11.13 SWOT analysis 442
11.14 Global revenues 443
11.15 Companies 445
12 TRANSPARENT BATTERIES 447
12.1 Technology description 447
12.2 Components 448
12.3 SWOT analysis 449
12.4 Market outlook 450
13 DEGRADABLE BATTERIES 451
13.1 Technology description 451
13.2 Components 452
13.3 SWOT analysis 453
13.4 Market outlook 454
13.5 Product developers 454
14 PRINTED BATTERIES 455
14.1 Technical specifications 455
14.2 Components 456
14.3 Design 457
14.4 Key features 458
14.5 Printable current collectors 458
14.6 Printable electrodes 459
14.7 Materials 459
14.8 Applications 460
14.9 Printing techniques 460
14.10 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries 462
14.11 Zinc-based printed batteries 463
14.12 3D Printed batteries 466
14.12.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing 467
14.12.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries 468
14.12.2.1 Electrode materials 468
14.12.2.2 Electrolyte Materials 469
14.13 SWOT analysis 469
14.14 Global revenues 470
14.15 Product developers 472
15 REDOX FLOW BATTERIES 474
15.1 Technology description 475
15.2 Market Overview 476
15.3 Technology Benchmarking - Chemistry Comparison 478
15.4 Chemistry Selection Matrix by Application 480
15.5 Component Technologies and Cost Reduction Pathways 481
15.6 Component Innovation 482
15.6.1 Membranes 482
15.6.2 Bipolar Plates 483
15.6.3 Electrolyte Cost Reduction 483
15.7 Types 483
15.7.1 Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) 485
15.7.1.1 Technology description 485
15.7.1.2 SWOT analysis 487
15.7.1.3 Market players 488
15.7.2 Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZnBr) 489
15.7.2.1 Technology description 489
15.7.2.2 SWOT analysis 491
15.7.2.3 Market players 492
15.7.3 Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB) 492
15.7.3.1 Technology description 492
15.7.3.2 SWOT analysis 493
15.7.4 Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICB) 494
15.7.4.1 Technology description 494
15.7.4.2 SWOT analysis 496
15.7.4.3 Market players 497
15.7.5 All-Iron flow batteries 497
15.7.5.1 Technology description 497
15.7.5.2 SWOT analysis 498
15.7.5.3 Market players 499
15.7.6 Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries 500
15.7.6.1 Technology description 500
15.7.6.2 SWOT analysis 501
15.7.6.3 Market players 502
15.7.7 Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries 502
15.7.7.1 Technology description 502
15.7.7.2 SWOT analysis 504
15.7.8 Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries 505
15.7.8.1 Technology description 505
15.7.8.2 SWOT analysis 506
15.7.8.3 Market players 507
15.7.9 Organic flow batteries 508
15.7.9.1 Technology description 508
15.7.9.2 SWOT analysis 510
15.7.9.3 Market players 511
15.7.10 Emerging Flow-Batteries 511
15.7.10.1 Semi-Solid Redox Flow Batteries 511
15.7.10.2 Solar Redox Flow Batteries 512
15.7.10.3 Air-Breathing Sulfur Flow Batteries 512
15.7.10.4 Metal–CO2 Batteries 513
15.7.11 Hybrid Flow Batteries 513
15.7.11.1 Zinc-Cerium Hybrid Flow Batteries 513
15.7.11.1.1 Technology description 513
15.7.11.2 Zinc-Polyiodide Flow Batteries 514
15.7.11.2.1 Technology description 514
15.7.11.3 Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow Batteries 515
15.7.11.3.1 Technology description 515
15.7.11.4 Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow Batteries 516
15.7.11.4.1 Technology description 516
15.7.11.5 Vanadium-Polyhalide Flow Batteries 517
15.7.11.5.1 Technology description 517
15.7.12 Carbon dioxide (CO₂) redox flow batteries 518
15.7.12.1 Chemistry and operating principle 518
15.8 Markets for redox flow batteries 520
15.8.1 Primary Market Drivers 522
15.8.1.1 Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) Integration 522
15.8.1.2 Long-Duration Energy Storage (LDES) Policy Support 523
15.8.1.3 Grid Stability and Resilience Requirements 524
15.8.1.4 Data Center and Telecommunications Backup Power (Emerging Driver) 524
15.9 Global revenues 527
15.10 Key Trends 528
15.11 Regional Market Analysis and Capacity Distribution 530
15.11.1 China 531
15.11.2 North America 532
15.11.3 Europe 532
15.12 Long-duration energy storage (LDES) positioning 533
15.13 Levelised cost of storage: RFB vs Li-ion LFP by duration 533
15.14 Policy frameworks supporting RFB deployment 534
15.15 Market forecast to 2036 by chemistry and region 535
16 ZN-BASED BATTERIES 538
16.1 Technology description 538
16.1.1 Zinc-Air batteries 538
16.1.2 Zinc-ion batteries 539
16.1.3 Zinc-bromide 540
16.2 Market outlook 540
16.3 Product developers 541
17 BATTERIES IN OFF-HIGHWAY MACHINES 542
17.1 Introduction to electric off-highway machines 542
17.1.1 Advantages and barriers to machine electrification 542
17.1.2 Electrification drivers differ by segment 543
17.2 Electric construction machines 543
17.3 Electric agriculture machines 543
17.4 Electric mining machines 544
17.5 Battery requirements of electric off-highway machines 544
17.5.1 Battery sizing 545
17.5.2 Battery power and discharge rates 545
17.5.3 Charging rates 545
17.5.4 Voltage architecture 545
17.5.5 Lifetime and cycle-life requirements 545
17.6 Turnkey battery technologies and benchmarking 546
17.7 Battery suppliers and case studies 547
17.7.1 Turnkey pack manufacturers 547
17.7.2 Acquisitions, spin-outs and restructurings 547
17.8 Future battery technologies for off-highway machines 547
17.9 Global off-highway battery market forecast 548
17.10 Outlook 549
18 BATTERY STORAGE FOR DATA CENTRES, COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 550
18.1 C&I BESS applications and market overview 551
18.1.1 Battery storage for data centres 551
18.1.2 Battery storage for 5G and 6G telecommunications base stations 552
18.1.3 Battery storage for EV charging infrastructure 552
18.1.4 Battery storage at construction, agriculture and mining sites 553
18.1.5 Battery storage for other C&I applications 553
18.2 C&I BESS technology landscape 553
18.3 The US LFP manufacturing transition: 45X, FEOC, and tariff dynamics 554
18.4 Li-ion C&I BESS cost structure 556
18.5 Key players and competitive landscape 556
18.6 Market outlook 557
19 AI BATTERY TECHNOLOGY 558
19.1 Overview 558
19.2 Applications 558
19.2.1 Machine Learning 559
19.2.1.1 Overview 559
19.2.2 Material Informatics 560
19.2.2.1 Overview 560
19.2.2.2 Companies 562
19.2.3 Cell Testing 564
19.2.3.1 Overview 564
19.2.3.2 Companies 565
19.2.4 Cell Assembly and Manufacturing 567
19.2.4.1 Overview 567
19.2.4.2 Companies 569
19.2.5 Battery Analytics 570
19.2.5.1 Overview 570
19.2.5.2 Companies 572
19.2.6 Second Life Assessment 573
19.2.6.1 Overview 573
19.2.6.2 Companies 574
20 CELL AND BATTERY DESIGN 576
20.1 Cell Design 576
20.1.1 Overview 576
20.1.1.1 Larger cell formats 576
20.1.1.2 Bipolar battery architecture 576
20.1.1.3 Thick Format Electrodes 577
20.1.1.4 Dual Electrolyte Li-ion 577
20.1.2 Commercial examples 578
20.1.2.1 Tesla 4680 Tabless Cell 578
20.1.2.2 EnPower multi-layer electrode technology 578
20.1.2.3 Prieto Battery 579
20.1.2.4 Addionics 580
20.1.3 Electrolyte Additives 580
20.1.4 Enhancing battery performance 581
20.2 Cell Performance 582
20.2.1 Energy density 582
20.2.1.1 BEV cell energy 582
20.2.1.2 Cell energy density 583
20.3 Battery Packs 585
20.3.1 Cell-to-pack 585
20.3.2 Cell-to-chassis/body 587
20.3.3 Bipolar batteries 590
20.3.4 Hybrid battery packs 591
20.3.4.1 CATL 591
20.3.4.2 Our Next Energy 592
20.3.4.3 Nio 592
20.3.5 Battery Management System (BMS) 593
20.3.5.1 Overview 593
20.3.5.2 Advantages 594
20.3.5.3 Innovation 594
20.3.5.4 Fast charging capabilities 595
20.3.5.5 Wireless Battery Management System technology 596
20.3.6 Advanced battery pack sensors and remote monitoring 597
20.3.6.1 The thermal runaway early-detection problem 597
20.3.6.2 Advanced sensor technologies 597
20.3.6.3 Market forecast 598
20.3.6.4 Remote monitoring and wireless BMS architectures 599
20.3.6.5 Integration and the path to predictive maintenance 600
21 COMPANY PROFILES 601 (449 company profiles)
22 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 956
22.1 Report scope 956
22.2 Research methodology 956
23 REFERENCES 957
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. Trends in the Li-ion market. 57
Table 2. Li-ion manufacturing capacity vs. production, by region, 2025 and 2031 (GWh). 58
Table 3. Total Addressable Market for Li-ion Batteries. 60
Table 4. Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (GWh) 2019-2036. 61
Table 5. Regional XEV Battery Demand 2036 62
Table 6. Li-ion battery market value for XEV (in $B) 2019-2036. 63
Table 7. Market Value by Chemistry 2036. 66
Table 8. Regional Market Value Distribution 2036. 66
Table 9. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 67
Table 10. Semi-solid-state battery Application Analysis 2036. 68
Table 11. Semi-solid-state battery Cost Evolution. 69
Table 12. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036. 70
Table 13. Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B) 2019-2036. 72
Table 14. Application Value Breakdown 2036. 73
Table 15. Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 73
Table 16. Solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036. 75
Table 17. Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 77
Table 18. Sodium-ion Technology Distribution 2036. 78
Table 19. Sodium-ion battery market value ($B) 2019-2036. 78
Table 20. Sodium-ion Regional Market Value 2036. 80
Table 21. Li-ion battery demand versus beyond Li-ion batteries demand 2019-2036. 81
Table 22. Technology Composition of Beyond Li-ion 2036. 82
Table 23. Market Value Comparison: Li-ion vs Beyond Li-ion 2036 85
Table 24. BEV car cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 85
Table 25. BEV anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 87
Table 26. BEV anode forecast ($B) 2019-2036. 88
Table 27. EV cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 89
Table 28. EV Anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 91
Table 29. Advanced anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 92
Table 30. Advanced anode forecast (S$B) 2019-2036. 94
Table 31. Annual sales of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 2018-2036. 96
Table 32. Battery chemistries used in electric buses. 100
Table 33. Micro EV types 101
Table 34. Battery Sizes for Different Vehicle Types. 103
Table 35. Competing technologies for batteries in electric boats. 104
Table 36. Off-highway battery demand forecast by segment and technology, 2025–2036 (GWh). 106
Table 37. Electric car Li-ion demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2036. 106
Table 38. Regional Breakdown 2036. 108
Table 39. Battery Chemistry Distribution 2036. 109
Table 40. EV Li-ion battery market (US$B), 2018-2036. 109
Table 41. Electric bus, truck and van battery forecast (GWh), 2018-2036. 111
Table 42. Regional Distribution 2036. 114
Table 43. Battery Chemistry Distribution 2036. 114
Table 44. Micro EV Li-ion demand forecast (GWh). 115
Table 45. Regional Micro-EVs Battery Value 2036. 118
Table 46. Competing technologies for batteries in grid storage. 119
Table 47. Lithium-ion battery grid storage demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2036. 120
Table 48. Utility-Scale Grid Storage Project Size Distribution 2036: 121
Table 49. Utility-Scale Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036. 122
Table 50. Battery Chemistry Mix Utility-Scale 2036. 122
Table 51. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage Customer Segments 2036. 124
Table 52. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036. 124
Table 53. Battery Chemistry Mix C&I 2036. 124
Table 54. Residential Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036. 126
Table 55. Battery Chemistry Mix Residential 2036. 126
Table 56. Competing technologies for batteries in consumer electronics 127
Table 57. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage. 130
Table 58. Market drivers for use of advanced materials and technologies in batteries. 131
Table 59. Battery market megatrends. 132
Table 60. Advanced materials for batteries. 134
Table 61. Motivation for Battery Development Beyond Lithium 138
Table 62. Battery Chemistries 141
Table 63. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition. 145
Table 64. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain. 148
Table 65. Types of lithium battery. 149
Table 66. Comparison of Li-ion battery anode materials. 150
Table 67. Trends in the Li-ion battery market. 154
Table 68. Si-anode performance summary. 158
Table 69. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes. 161
Table 70. Market Players' Production Capacites. 162
Table 71. Strategic Partnerships and Agreements. 163
Table 72. Markets and applications for silicon anodes. 166
Table 73. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes). 170
Table 74. Anode material consumption by end use market (tonnes). 173
Table 75. Anode materials prices, current and forecasted (USD/kg). 179
Table 76. Silicon-anode companies. 184
Table 77. Li-ion battery cathode materials. 186
Table 78. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development. 186
Table 79. Benefits of High and Ultra-High Nickel NMC. 187
Table 80. Routes to High Nickel Cathode Stabilisation 189
Table 81. High-nickel Products Table. 191
Table 82. Li-Mn-rich / lithium-manganese-rich / LMR-NMC costs. 196
Table 83. Commercial lithium-manganese-rich cathode development. 197
Table 84. Lithium-manganese-rich cathode developers 199
Table 85. Properties of Lithium Cobalt Oxide) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. 200
Table 86. Properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. 201
Table 87. Properties of Lithium Manganese Oxide cathode material. 202
Table 88. Properties of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC). 203
Table 89. Properties of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide 204
Table 90. LMFP Cell Performance. 206
Table 91. LMFP Energy Density Analysis 207
Table 92. LMFP Cost Analysis 207
Table 93. LMFP Cathode Developers. 211
Table 94. LNMO Performance. 213
Table 95. LNMO Energy Density Comparison 214
Table 96. Alternative Cathode Production Routes. 218
Table 97. Alternative cathode synthesis routes. 218
Table 98. Alternative Cathode Production Companies. 219
Table 99. Recycled cathode materials facilities and capactites. 221
Table 100. Comparison table of key lithium-ion cathode materials 222
Table 101. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials. 224
Table 102. Li-ion battery Separator materials. 224
Table 103. Lithium-Ion Cell Energy Density Evolution 2000-2036 225
Table 104. Anode Technology Comparison for High-Energy Cells 227
Table 105. Energy Density Technology Roadmap 2025-2036 228
Table 106. Market Penetration Forecast - High Energy Density Cells (>350 Wh/kg) 230
Table 107. Silicon-carbon composite anode adoption forecast by application, 2025–2036 (% of cell-level anode mass). 233
Table 108. PFAS Regulations Impacting Battery Manufacturing 2025-2036 234
Table 109. PFAS Compounds in Lithium-Ion Battery Production 235
Table 110. Non-PFAS Cathode Binder Performance Comparison 241
Table 111. PFAS Electrolyte Additives and Functions 242
Table 112. Economic Impact of PFAS Elimination by Cell Component ($/kWh) 244
Table 113. Global Li-ion battery additives market by category, 2025–2036 (US$ billion). 246
Table 114. Dry-electrode binder alternatives and development status, 2025. 248
Table 115. Li-ion battery market players. 249
Table 116. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow. 250
Table 117. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries. 251
Table 118. Comparison of LIB recycling methods. 251
Table 119. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries. 265
Table 120. Advanced Battery Recycling companies 265
Table 121. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 276
Table 122. Cathode element demand forecast, 2025–2036 (kilotonnes). 295
Table 123. EV battery pack material demand forecast, selected categories, 2025–2036 (kilotonnes). 297
Table 124. Anode-less lithium-metal cell benefits. 304
Table 125. Anode-less lithium-metal cell developers. 305
Table 126. Hybrid Battery Technologies 307
Table 127. Applications for Li-metal batteries. 309
Table 128. Li-metal battery developers 310
Table 129. Li-S performance characteristics. 312
Table 130. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types. 314
Table 131. Challenges with lithium-sulfur. 315
Table 132. Li-S advantages and use cases 319
Table 133. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 326
Table 134. Lithium-sulphur battery product developers. 329
Table 135. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 332
Table 136. Product developers in Lithium titanate and niobate batteries. 336
Table 137. Comparison of cathode materials. 337
Table 138. Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. 338
Table 139. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials. 338
Table 140. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes. 339
Table 141. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials. 340
Table 142. Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries. 342
Table 143. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials. 343
Table 144. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes. 344
Table 145. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes. 345
Table 146. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite. 347
Table 147. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 350
Table 148. Comparison of carbon based anodes. 351
Table 149. Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries. 351
Table 150. Na-ion electrolyte formulations. 353
Table 151. Pros and cons compared to other battery types. 353
Table 152. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries. 354
Table 153. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells. 355
Table 154. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 357
Table 155. Cost Evolution and Competitiveness. 362
Table 156. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 373
Table 157. Product developers in aluminium-ion batteries. 376
Table 158. Types of solid-state electrolytes. 380
Table 159. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries. 380
Table 160. Solid Electrolyte Material Comparison. 381
Table 161. Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries. 381
Table 162. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries. 386
Table 163. Solid-State Battery Technology Readiness Level (TRL) by Company 2025 387
Table 164. Automotive OEM Solid-State Battery Programs 2025-2036 391
Table 165. Limitations of solid-state thin film batteries. 397
Table 166. Solid-State Battery Market Forecast by Electrolyte Type 2025-2036 398
Table 167. Cost and Performance Evolution for Solid-state batteries. 400
Table 168. Solid-state thin-film battery market players. 401
Table 169. Key Material Properties for Structural Battery Composites 404
Table 170. Electric Vehicle Impact Analysis - Structural Battery Composites 405
Table 171. Structural Battery Composites Market Forecast 2025-2036 409
Table 172. Life Cycle Environmental Impact Comparison (per kg of material) 412
Table 173. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements. 414
Table 174. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries 416
Table 175. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components. 416
Table 176. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes. 423
Table 177. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries. 425
Table 178. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries. 427
Table 179. Types of fiber-shaped batteries. 438
Table 180. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 443
Table 181. Product developers in flexible batteries. 445
Table 182. Components of transparent batteries. 448
Table 183. Components of degradable batteries. 452
Table 184. Product developers in degradable batteries. 454
Table 185. Main components and properties of different printed battery types. 456
Table 186. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements. 460
Table 187. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 461
Table 188. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries. 462
Table 189. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries. 462
Table 190. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types. 464
Table 191. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing. 467
Table 192. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries. 468
Table 193. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 470
Table 194. Product developers in printed batteries. 472
Table 195. Advantages and disadvantages of redox flow batteries. 476
Table 196. Global Redox Flow Battery Market Forecast 2025-2036 477
Table 197. Comprehensive RFB Chemistry Benchmarking 478
Table 198. RFB Component Cost Evolution 2025-2036 481
Table 199. Comparison of different battery types. 484
Table 200. Summary of main flow battery types. 484
Table 201. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 486
Table 202. Market players in Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB). 488
Table 203. Zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 490
Table 204. Market players in Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr). 492
Table 205. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 493
Table 206. Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 495
Table 207. Market players in Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries. 497
Table 208. All-Iron flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 498
Table 209. Market players in All-iron Flow Batteries. 499
Table 210. Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 500
Table 211. Market players in Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) Flow Batteries. 502
Table 212. Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 503
Table 213. Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 506
Table 214. Market players in Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) Flow Batteries. 507
Table 215. Materials in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB). 508
Table 216. Key Active species for ORFBs 508
Table 217. Organic flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 509
Table 218. Market players in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB). 511
Table 219. Zinc-Cerium Hybrid flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 513
Table 220. Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 515
Table 221. Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 516
Table 222. Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 517
Table 223. Vanadium-Polyhalide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications. 518
Table 224. Redox flow battery value chain. 520
Table 225. RFB Application Segment Forecast 2025-2036 525
Table 226. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2036, by type (millions USD). 527
Table 227. Market Share Evolution. 528
Table 228. RFB Regional Market Forecast 2025-2036 530
Table 229. Levelised cost of storage comparison, vanadium RFB vs lithium-ion LFP, by duration (US$/MWh). 533
Table 230. Global RFB market forecast by chemistry, 2025–2036 (GWh). 536
Table 231. Global RFB market value forecast by chemistry, 2025–2036 (US$ billion). 537
Table 232. ZN-based battery product developers. 541
Table 233. Off-highway battery pack requirements by machine type. 545
Table 234.Global off-highway battery revenue forecast by segment, 2025–2036 (US$ million). 549
Table 235. C&I BESS technology mix forecast, 2025–2036 (% of annual GWh deployments). 553
Table 236. LFP cell cost to US BESS buyer: domestic vs Chinese import, 2026–2031 (US$/kWh). 555
Table 237. Li-ion LFP C&I BESS system cost breakdown, 2025 and 2036 (US$/kWh, 2-hour system). 556
Table 238. Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in battery technology. 558
Table 239. Machine learning approaches. 559
Table 240. Types of Neural Networks. 560
Table 241. Companies in materials informatics for batteries. 563
Table 242. Data Forms for Cell Modelling. 564
Table 243. Algorithmic Approaches for Different Testing Modes. 565
Table 244. Companies in AI for cell testing for batteries. 566
Table 245.Algorithmic Approaches in Manufacturing and Cell Assembly: 567
Table 246. AI-based battery manufacturing players. 570
Table 247. Companies in AI for battery diagnostics and management. 573
Table 248. Algorithmic Approaches and Data Inputs/Outputs. 574
Table 249. Companies in AI for second-life battery assessment 574
Table 250. Electrolyte Additives. 580
Table 251. Cell performance specification. 583
Table 252. Commercial cell chemistries 584
Table 253. Drivers and Challenges for Cell-to-pack. 586
Table 254. Cell-to-pack and cell-to-body designs. 588
Table 255. Advanced battery pack sensor market by sensor type, 2025–2036 (US$ million). 599
Table 256. BMS architecture adoption forecast (share of new EV battery packs, %). 599
Table 257. 3DOM separator. 604
Table 258. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics. 664
Table 259. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics. 670
Table 260. Chasm SWCNT products. 670
Table 261. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics. 719
Table 262. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics. 759
Table 263. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries. 781
Table 264. LiNa Energy battery characteristics. 800
Table 265. Natrium Energy battery characteristics. 827
List of Figures
Figure 1. Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (in GWh) 2019-2036. 62
Figure 2. Li-ion battery market value for XEV (in $B) 2019-2036. 64
Figure 3. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036. 71
Figure 4. Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B) 2019-2036. 73
Figure 5. Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 74
Figure 6. Solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036. 76
Figure 7. Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 77
Figure 8. Sodium-ion battery market value ($B) 2019-2036. 79
Figure 9. BEV car cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 86
Figure 10. BEV anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 88
Figure 11. BEV anode forecast ($B) 2019-2036. 89
Figure 12. EV cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 90
Figure 13. EV Anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 91
Figure 14. Advanced anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036. 93
Figure 15. Advanced anode forecast (S$B) 2019-2036. 95
Figure 16. Salt-E Dog mobile battery. 129
Figure 17. I.Power Nest - Residential Energy Storage System Solution. 129
Figure 18. Lithium Cell Design. 146
Figure 19. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery. 146
Figure 20. Li-ion battery cell pack. 147
Figure 21. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery. 150
Figure 22. SWOT analysis: Li-ion batteries. 154
Figure 23. Li-ion technology roadmap. 155
Figure 24. Silicon anode value chain. 157
Figure 25. Market development timeline. 163
Figure 26. Silicon Anode Commercialization Timeline. 164
Figure 27. Silicon anode value chain. 165
Figure 28. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes). 171
Figure 29. Anode material consumption by end user market (tonnes). 173
Figure 30. Ultra-high Nickel Cathode Commercialization Timeline. 191
Figure 31. Lithium-manganese-rich cathode SWOT analysis. 196
Figure 32. Li-cobalt structure. 200
Figure 33. Li-manganese structure. 202
Figure 34. LNMO cathode SWOT. 216
Figure 35. Global Li-ion battery additives market, 2025–2036 (US$ billion) 245
Figure 36. Li-ion conductive additive market share evolution, 2025–2036 247
Figure 37. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials. 250
Figure 38. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). 253
Figure 39. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet. 254
Figure 40. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling. 255
Figure 41. Umicore recycling flow diagram. 256
Figure 42. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling. 257
Figure 43. Schematic of direct recycling process. 258
Figure 44. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling. 262
Figure 45. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 277
Figure 46. Total EV battery material demand by category, 2025–2036 (kilotonnes). 293
Figure 47. BEV cathode chemistry mix, 2025 vs 2036. 294
Figure 48. Cathode active material demand by element, 2025–2036 (kilotonnes). 295
Figure 49. Silicon adoption in EV anodes, 2025–2036. 296
Figure 50. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery. 299
Figure 51. SWOT analysis: Lithium-metal batteries. 310
Figure 52. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery. 312
Figure 53. Lithium-sulfur market value chain. 324
Figure 54. SWOT analysis: Lithium-sulfur batteries. 326
Figure 55. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 327
Figure 56. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 334
Figure 57. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA). 341
Figure 58. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG). 346
Figure 59. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications. 348
Figure 60. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). 349
Figure 61. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery. 356
Figure 62. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion batteries. 357
Figure 63. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 359
Figure 64. Schematic of a Na–S battery. 365
Figure 65. SWOT analysis: Sodium-sulfur batteries. 368
Figure 66. Saturnose battery chemistry. 369
Figure 67. SWOT analysis: Aluminium-ion batteries. 372
Figure 68. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 374
Figure 69. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery. 379
Figure 70. ULTRALIFE thin film battery. 379
Figure 71. Examples of applications of thin film batteries. 383
Figure 72. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials. 384
Figure 73. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right). 385
Figure 74. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB. 395
Figure 75. SWOT analysis: All-solid state batteries. 396
Figure 76. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries. 414
Figure 77. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage. 417
Figure 78. Types of flexible batteries. 419
Figure 79. Flexible batteries on the market. 419
Figure 80. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries. 423
Figure 81. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures. 425
Figure 82. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs. 428
Figure 83. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f) 429
Figure 84. Origami disposable battery. 430
Figure 85. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt. 432
Figure 86. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries. 434
Figure 87. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark. 435
Figure 88. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 436
Figure 89. Wearable self-powered devices. 441
Figure 90. SWOT analysis: Flexible batteries. 443
Figure 91. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 444
Figure 92. Transparent batteries. 447
Figure 93. SWOT analysis: Transparent batteries. 450
Figure 94. Degradable batteries. 451
Figure 95. SWOT analysis: Degradable batteries. 454
Figure 96. Various applications of printed paper batteries. 455
Figure 97.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery. 456
Figure 98. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together. 458
Figure 99. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III). 466
Figure 100. SWOT analysis: Printed batteries. 470
Figure 101. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD). 471
Figure 102. Scheme of a redox flow battery. 475
Figure 103. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery schematic. 485
Figure 104. SWOT analysis: Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) 487
Figure 105. Schematic of zinc bromine flow battery energy storage system. 489
Figure 106. SWOT analysis: Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr). 492
Figure 107. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries. 494
Figure 108. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries. 496
Figure 109. Schematic of All-Iron Redox Flow Batteries. 497
Figure 110. SWOT analysis: All-iron Flow Batteries. 499
Figure 111. SWOT analysis: Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries. 502
Figure 112. Schematic of Hydrogen-bromine flow battery. 503
Figure 113. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries. 505
Figure 114. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries. 507
Figure 115. SWOT analysis: Organic redox flow batteries (ORFBs) batteries. 511
Figure 116. Schematic of zinc-polyiodide redox flow battery (ZIB). 515
Figure 117. Redox flow batteries applications roadmap. 526
Figure 118. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2036, by type (millions USD). 528
Figure 119. Levelised cost of storage: vanadium RFB vs lithium-ion LFP by duration, 2026 and 2030. 534
Figure 120. Global RFB market forecast by chemistry, 2025–2036 (GWh). 535
Figure 121. Global RFB market value by chemistry, 2025–2036 (US$ billion). 536
Figure 122. Battery pack capacity range by off-highway machine type 544
Figure 123. Global off-highway battery demand, 2025–2036 (GWh) 546
Figure 124. Off-highway battery chemistry mix, 2025 vs 2036 547
Figure 125. Regional distribution of off-highway battery demand, 2036 548
Figure 126. Global C&I BESS market by application, 2025–2036 (US$ billion). 550
Figure 127. Data centre BESS demand by region, 2025–2036 (GWh). 552
Figure 128. LFP cell cost to US BESS buyer: domestic vs Chinese import, 2026–2031 (US$/kWh). 554
Figure 129. C&I BESS technology mix, 2025 vs 2036 (% of GWh deployments). 555
Figure 130. Types of integrated battery packs 585
Figure 131. Battery pack with a cell-to-pack design and prismatic cells. 586
Figure 132. Global advanced battery pack sensor market by sensor type, 2025–2036 (US$ million). 598
Figure 133. 24M battery. 602
Figure 134. 3DOM battery. 604
Figure 135. AC biode prototype. 606
Figure 136. Schematic diagram of liquid metal battery operation. 623
Figure 137. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm). 625
Figure 138. Amprius battery products. 626
Figure 139. All-polymer battery schematic. 631
Figure 140. All Polymer Battery Module. 631
Figure 141. Resin current collector. 631
Figure 142. Ateios thin-film, printed battery. 634
Figure 143. The structure of aluminum-sulfur battery from Avanti Battery. 637
Figure 144. Containerized NAS® batteries. 640
Figure 145. 3D printed lithium-ion battery. 649
Figure 146. Blue Solution module. 650
Figure 147. TempTraq wearable patch. 652
Figure 148. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process. 671
Figure 149. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest. 677
Figure 150. Cymbet EnerChip™ 681
Figure 151. E-magy nano sponge structure. 695
Figure 152. Enerpoly zinc-ion battery. 698
Figure 153. SoftBattery®. 700
Figure 154. ASSB All-Solid-State Battery by EGI 300 Wh/kg. 704
Figure 155. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate. 706
Figure 156. 40 Ah battery cell. 718
Figure 157. FDK Corp battery. 721
Figure 158. 2D paper batteries. 731
Figure 159. 3D Custom Format paper batteries. 732
Figure 160. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 733
Figure 161. Gelion Endure battery. 736
Figure 162. Gelion GEN3 lithium sulfur batteries. 737
Figure 163. Grepow flexible battery. 750
Figure 164. HPB solid-state battery. 758
Figure 165. HiNa Battery pack for EV. 760
Figure 166. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery. 760
Figure 167. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose. 761
Figure 168. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery. 763
Figure 169. Ilika solid-state batteries. 768
Figure 170. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials. 772
Figure 171. Ionic Materials battery cell. 776
Figure 172. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure. 778
Figure 173. ITEN micro batteries. 780
Figure 174. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module. 788
Figure 175. LiBEST flexible battery. 794
Figure 176. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells. 797
Figure 177. LiNa Energy battery. 799
Figure 178. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology. 802
Figure 179. Lyten batteries. 808
Figure 180. Cellulomix production process. 811
Figure 181. Nanobase versus conventional products. 811
Figure 182. Nanotech Energy battery. 823
Figure 183. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 828
Figure 184. NBD battery. 829
Figure 185. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 830
Figure 186. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 831
Figure 187. EnerCerachip. 836
Figure 188. Cambrian battery. 850
Figure 189. Printed battery. 854
Figure 190. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery. 855
Figure 191. Printed Energy flexible battery. 858
Figure 192. ProLogium solid-state battery. 860
Figure 193. QingTao solid-state batteries. 861
Figure 194. Schematic of the quinone flow battery. 863
Figure 195. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery. 872
Figure 196. Salgenx S3000 seawater flow battery. 873
Figure 197. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries. 875
Figure 198. SES Apollo batteries. 882
Figure 199. Sionic Energy battery cell. 890
Figure 200. Solid Power battery pouch cell. 893
Figure 201. Stora Enso lignin battery materials. 899
Figure 202.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery 914
Figure 203. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell. 953
Figure 204. Zoolnasm batteries. 955
常見問題
這份報告可以先索取樣本嗎？
可以。建議購買前先申請樣本，提出申請後約 2 個工作天內提供，您可以先確認內容涵蓋範圍是否符合需求。
報告價格如何計算？
報告以美元標價，台幣報價依當日匯率換算並加計 5% 營業稅。不同授權版本（單人／多人／企業全站）價格不同，量子訊息會評估您的使用情境後提供最優惠報價。
下單後多久交付？如何付款？
一般 3–7 個工作天交付，實際依出版商狀況於下單前確認。收到報告確認無誤後開立台幣發票，30 天內電匯付款即可。
量子訊息有限公司為 Future Markets 在台灣的授權代理，提供報告購買、樣本申請與授權諮詢。電話 +886 2 7751 5192 ・ 聯絡我們