Advanced Carbon Materials: Global Market
報告摘要
The global advanced carbon materials market encompasses one of the most structurally diverse product families in modern industrial chemistry. Though united by their elemental composition, advanced carbon materials range from the macroscopic — continuous carbon fibers woven into aerospace composite structures — to the atomic, with single-layer graphene sheets just one carbon atom thick. Each allotrope exploits carbon's extraordinary versatility differently, producing materials that can be simultaneously the hardest known substance and one of the softest, the best electrical conductor or an insulator, ultra-lightweight or structurally superior to steel.
The market has undergone a fundamental shift over the past decade, moving advanced carbon materials from predominantly laboratory and niche industrial settings into mainstream production at scale. This transition has been driven by the convergence of several structural megatrends that show no sign of abating. The global electrification of transport has placed carbon nanotubes at the heart of lithium-ion battery electrode formulations, where they form conductive networks that improve cell performance and longevity. The expansion of renewable energy — particularly offshore wind — continues to pull demand for large-tow carbon fiber, as turbine blade engineers push ever-greater lengths to capture more energy per installation. Aerospace recovery and growth from both commercial aviation and the rapidly expanding defence and space sectors sustain demand for high-modulus carbon fiber grades. Meanwhile, the exponential growth of artificial intelligence and data centre infrastructure has made thermal management a critical engineering challenge, opening substantial markets for graphene and carbon nanotube-based heat dissipation solutions.
Beyond these established drivers, several emerging forces are reshaping the market's long-term trajectory. The hydrogen economy is creating new demand for carbon fiber in composite overwrapped pressure vessels for fuel cell vehicles and industrial hydrogen storage. The voluntary carbon market has elevated biochar from an agricultural soil amendment to a certified carbon removal tool, attracting corporate sustainability investment and creating a dual-revenue model for producers. Perhaps most significantly, the ability to synthesise advanced carbon materials directly from captured carbon dioxide is beginning to transform waste emissions into feedstock — a development with potentially profound implications for both the economics of carbon capture and the supply chains of nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes and graphene.
The regulatory environment has also become a meaningful tailwind. Carbon pricing mechanisms, automotive emissions standards, renewable energy mandates, and supply chain localisation policies in North America and Europe are collectively creating durable structural demand across the materials family. The result is a market that spans commodity volumes — carbon black measured in millions of tonnes annually — through to research-scale quantities of graphene quantum dots sold by the milligram, with an increasingly interconnected set of growth drivers binding the entire category together.
This report examines sixteen advanced carbon material categories across a ten-year forecast horizon: carbon fibers, carbon black, graphite, biochar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphene quantum dots, carbon foam, diamond-like carbon coatings, activated carbon, carbon aerogels and xerogels, carbon nano-onions, and CO₂-derived carbon materials. Together these categories span an unusually wide spectrum of commercial maturity — from carbon black and activated carbon, which are mature, high-volume commodity industries, through to carbon nano-onions and CO₂-derived nanomaterials, which remain in early-stage commercialisation with limited but growing validated applications.
The report provides pricing, demand volume, revenue and growth forecasts for all sixteen materials, supported by detailed company profiles, supply chain analysis, regulatory overviews, and application roadmaps.
Key coverage areas include:
Pricing trends, cost structures and 2037 price forecasts for all sixteen materials and their principal commercial grade variants
Demand volume forecasts by application and region through 2037
Revenue forecasts by end-use market and material type
Purity grade classifications and application-specific purity requirements for all sixteen materials
Carbon nanotube market segmentation by wall number, purity tier and end-use application
Graphite battery anode market analysis, including natural versus synthetic anode dynamics, Chinese market structure and ex-China supply chain development
Biochar market by feedstock, production technology, application and carbon credit market integration
Graphene market by form type, including GNP, GO, rGO, CVD film and battery-grade variants
Recovered carbon black, plasma carbon black and bio-based carbon black as emerging segments within the broader carbon black market
CO₂-derived carbon materials as an emerging category covering electrolytic CNT synthesis, plasma carbon black, flash-Joule graphene and CO₂-derived activated carbon
Diamond-like carbon coating classification by sp³ content and market segmentation by deposition technology and application sector
Activated carbon by form, feedstock and application grade including electrode-grade and pharmaceutical grades
Company profiles covering carbon fiber producers, composite manufacturers and recyclers; carbon black producers and recovered CB specialists; natural and synthetic graphite producers and anode material processors; biochar producers across all major feedstock categories; graphene producers across all commercial forms; carbon nanotube producers covering MWCNT and SWCNT; carbon nanofiber producers; fullerene suppliers; nanodiamond producers; graphene quantum dot developers; carbon foam manufacturers; DLC coating service providers; activated carbon producers; carbon aerogel and xerogel manufacturers; and CO₂-derived carbon materials developers
The following companies are profiled in this report: 4M Carbon Fiber Corporation, 9T Labs AG, A Healthier Earth, Aben Resources, ACG Composites Co. Ltd., Acros Organics, ADA Carbon Solutions, Adamas Nanotechnologies Inc., Adeka Corporation, Advanced Material Development (AMD), AdvEn Inc., AerNos Inc., Aerogel Core Ltd, Agar Scientific, AirMembrane Corporation, Airex Energy, Akkolab, Aksa Carbon, Alba Mineral Resources plc, Albany Engineered Composites Inc., Aldila Inc., Alfa Aesar, Aligned Carbon Inc., AlterBiota, Amalyst, Amata Green SL, American Boronite Corporation, American Dye Source Inc., AMO GmbH, Anaphite Limited, Anson Resources, Aperam BioEnergia, ApNano Materials Inc., Appear Inc., Applied Nanolayers BV, ApplyNanosolutions S.L., APS Tech Solutions, AquaGreen Holding ApS, AR Brown Co. Ltd, arbitex, ArborX, Archer Materials Ltd., AREVO, Argo Graphene Solutions, Arkema France SA, Armadale Capital, Arq Inc., Arris Composites, Art Beam Co. Ltd., Asahi Carbon Co Ltd, Aspen Aerogels Inc., Atlas Carbon LLC, Atomic Mechanics Ltd., Atrago, Attis Innovations LLC, Australian Advanced Materials, Avadain Inc., AVANCO GmbH, Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L., Awn Nanotech Inc., Aztrong Inc., Balkrishna Industries Limited, Baotailong New Materials Co. Ltd., BASF AG, BASF SE, Bass Metals Limited, Battelle Memorial Institute, BC Biocarbon, Bcircular, Bedimensional S.p.A, Bee Graphene, Beijing Grish Hitech Co. Ltd., Bella Biochar Corporation, Bergen Carbon Solutions AS, BestGraphene, Betterial, BGT Materials Ltd., Bikanta Inc., Bio C&C, Bio Graphene Solutions Inc., Bio-Pact LLC, Bio365, Biochar GmbH & Co. KG, Biochar Latium, Biochar Now, Biochar Supreme, Bioenergie Frauenfeld, Bioforcetech, BioGraph Sense Inc., BioGraph Solutions, Biographene Inc., Biolin Scientific AB, Biomacon GmbH, Biomass Energy Techniques Inc., Biomassehof Allgäu eG, BioMed X GmbH, bionero GmbH, Bionika AG, Biosorra, Birla Carbon, Black Bear Carbon BV, Black Rock Mining Ltd., Black Swan Graphene, Blackleaf SAS, Blencowe Resources, Blueshift Materials Inc., BNNano, BNNano Inc., BNNT LLC, Bolder Industries, Boomatech, Boston Materials LLC, Boyce Carbon, Brain Scientific, Braskem S.A., Breton spa, Brewer Science, Bright Day Graphene AB, British Columbia (BC) Biocarbon Ltd, BTR New Material Group Co. Ltd., Buxton Resources Limited, Bygen, C's Techno Inc., C-Bond Systems LLC, C2CNT LLC, C2CNT LLC/Capital Power, Cabot Corporation, Cabuna AG, Cambridge Raman Imaging Limited, CamGraphIC Ltd., Canatu Oy, Cancarb Limited, Capchar Ltd., Carba, Carbo Culture, Carbo Tech AC GmbH, Carbo-Link AG, Carbodeon Ltd. Oy, Carbofex Oy, Carboforce GmbH, Carboganic, Carbon Activated Corporation (CAC), Carbon CANTONNE, Carbon Cell, Carbon Conversions Inc., Carbon Corp, Carbon Fiber Recycling LLC, Carbon Fly, Carbon Hexa, Carbon Meta Research, Carbon Mobile GmbH, Carbon Research and Development Company (CRDC), Carbon Revolution, Carbon Rivers Inc., Carbon Waters, Carbon-2D Graphene Inc., Carbonics Inc., CarbonMeta Research Ltd, Carbonova, Carbons Finland Oy, CarbonUP, CarbonX B.V., Carbonxt Group Limited, Carborundum Universal Ltd (CUMI), CarboVerte GmbH, Carestream Health Inc., CarStorCan, Catack-H, CEAD B.V., Cealtech AS, Cellicon B.V., CellsX, Cemex, CENS Materials Ltd., Ceylon Graphite Corp., CharGrow, Charline GmbH, Charm Graphene Co. Ltd., Charm Industrial, Chasm Advanced Materials Inc., Cheaptubes Inc., Chemviron Carbon, Chengdu Organic Chemicals (TimesNano), Christoph Fischer GmbH, Circle Soil, Circular Carbon, CN Energy Development, CNF Biofuel AS, Cocan (Hubei) Graphite Mill Inc., Colloids Ltd., Comet Resources Ltd., Concrene Limited, COnovate, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Corigin Solutions Inc., CPL/Puragen Activated Carbons, CrayoNano AS, CRRC Corporation, Cymaris Labs, Daicel Corporation, Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Manufacturing, Danubia NanoTech s.r.o., DarkBlack Carbon, Das-Nano, Datong Coal Industry Jinding Activated Carbon Co. Ltd., Delta-Energy Group LLC, DEMIO, Denka Company Limited, Desktop Metal Inc., Desotec NV, DexMat Inc., Diamonex, Directa Plus plc, DJ Nanotech Inc., Donau Carbon GmbH, Doncarb Graphite LLC (EM Group), Dotz Nano Ltd., Dreamfly Innovations, Dycotec Materials Ltd., Dynalene, Eagle Graphite, Earthasia International Holdings Ltd, Earthdas, Earthly Biochar, ECO INFINIC CO. LTD., EcoCera, EcoGraf Limited, EcoLocked GmbH, Ecolomondo, Ecoworth Tech Pte. Ltd., EGoS, Elcora Advanced Materials Corp., Elysium Nordic, Emberion Oy, ENano Tec Co. Ltd., ENanotec, EnergieWerk Ilg GmbH, Enersens SAS, Enrestec, Envigas AB, EnyGy, EOX International BV, Epic Advanced Materials, Epsilon Carbon, Essentium Inc., Eurocarb, Evercloak Inc., Evion Group Pty. Ltd., Evolution Energy Minerals, Evove, Exomad Green, Explocom GK SRL, Extracthive-Industry, Extrativa Metalquimica SA Grafite do Brasil, Faber Industrie SpA, Fairmat, Fangda Carbon New Material Co. Ltd., Faurecia S.A., FGV Cambridge Nanosystems, First Graphene, First Graphene Ltd., FlexeGRAPH, Flextrapower, FND Biotech Inc., Focus Graphite, Formosa Plastics Corporation, Fortify Inc., Freres Biochar, Frontier Carbon Corporation, Fuji Pigment Co. Ltd., Fujian Huafeng Industry Co. Ltd., Fujitsu Laboratories, FunktioMat Oy, Garmor Inc., Gen 2 Carbon, General Biochar Systems (GBS), General Graphene, Geotech International B.V., Gerdau Graphene, Glanris, Glaren, Gnanomat S.L., Golden Formula, GoLeafe, Goodfellow Corporation, GQenergy srl, Grafentek, Grafine Ltd., Grafintec Oy, Grafoid Inc., Grafren AB, GRAFTA Nanotech, GrafTech International, Granode Materials, GraphAudio, Grapheal, Graphenall Co. Ltd., Graphenano s.l., Graphene Composites Limited and more
Purchasers will receive the following:
PDF report download/by email.
Comprehensive Excel spreadsheet of all data.
Mid-year Update
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目錄 Table of Contents
1 THE ADVANCED CARBON MATERIALS MARKET 57
1.1 Market overview 60
1.2 Market Landscape and Evolution 60
1.3 Key Market Drivers 61
1.3.1 Electrification and Energy Storage 61
1.3.2 Hydrogen Economy 61
1.3.3 Renewable Energy Expansion 62
1.3.4 Aerospace Recovery and Growth 62
1.3.5 Digital Infrastructure and Electronics 62
1.3.6 Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) 62
1.3.7 Carbon Removal and Sustainability Mandates 62
1.4 Main Applications 63
1.5 Role of Advanced Carbon Materials in the Green Transition 63
1.6 Main applications 64
1.6.1 Thermal management 64
1.6.1.1 Commercialization 65
1.6.2 Conductive Battery Additives and Electrodes 68
1.6.3 Composites 70
1.7 Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition 72
1.8 Pricing Overview Across Advanced Carbon Materials, 72
1.9 Price Trajectory Forecasts 75
1.10 Comparative Growth Rates by Application 78
2 CARBON FIBERS 82
2.1 Competitive landscape and production capacity 82
2.2 Properties of carbon fibers 82
2.2.1 Types by modulus 84
2.2.2 Types by the secondary processing 84
2.3 Precursor material types 85
2.3.1 PAN: Polyacrylonitrile 86
2.3.1.1 Spinning 86
2.3.1.2 Stabilizing 87
2.3.1.3 Carbonizing 87
2.3.1.4 Surface treatment 87
2.3.1.5 Sizing 87
2.3.1.6 Pitch-based carbon fibers 88
2.3.1.7 Isotropic pitch 88
2.3.1.8 Mesophase pitch 89
2.3.1.9 Viscose (Rayon)-based carbon fibers 89
2.3.2 Bio-based and alternative precursors 90
2.3.2.1 Lignin 90
2.3.2.2 Polyethylene 93
2.3.2.3 Vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) 94
2.3.2.4 Textile PAN 94
2.3.3 Recycled carbon fibers (r-CF) 94
2.3.3.1 The market for rCF 94
2.3.3.2 Recycling processes 95
2.3.3.3 Recycled Carbon Fiber Market Size and Forecast (2025–2036) 98
2.3.3.4 Companies 98
2.3.4 Carbon Fiber 3D Printing 99
2.3.5 Plasma oxidation 101
2.3.6 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) 101
2.3.6.1 Applications 102
2.4 Markets and applications 103
2.4.1 Aerospace 103
2.4.1.1 Overview 103
2.4.1.2 2025/2026 Market Update 104
2.4.2 Wind energy 105
2.4.2.1 Overview 105
2.4.2.2 2025/2026 Market Update 105
2.4.3 Sports & leisure 106
2.4.3.1 Overview 106
2.4.4 Automotive 107
2.4.4.1 Overview 107
2.4.4.2 2025/2026 Market Update 108
2.4.5 Pressure vessels 109
2.4.5.1 Hydrogen Economy 110
2.4.6 Oil and gas 111
2.4.7 Civil Engineering and Infrastructure 112
2.4.8 Emerging and High-Growth Application Markets 113
2.4.8.1 Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and eVTOL Aircraft 113
2.4.8.2 Space and Satellite Launch 113
2.4.8.3 Marine and Shipbuilding 114
2.4.8.4 Medical Devices and Prosthetics 114
2.4.8.5 Electrical and Electronics 114
2.5 Market analysis 114
2.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 114
2.5.2 Regulations 115
2.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis 116
2.5.4 Carbon Fiber Classification by Modulus Grade and Carbon Content 116
2.5.5 Supply Chain 117
2.5.6 Competitive Landscape 117
2.5.6.1 Annual capacity, by producer 118
2.5.7 Future Outlook 119
2.5.8 Addressable Market Size 120
2.5.9 Risks and Opportunities 121
2.5.10 Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036 122
2.5.10.1 By Industry (Thousand Metric Tonnes) 122
2.5.10.2 By Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes) 123
2.5.10.3 Revenues by Industry (Billions USD) 124
2.6 Company profiles 125
2.6.1 Carbon fiber producers 125 (29 company profiles)
2.6.2 Carbon Fiber composite producers 143 (65 company profiles)
2.6.3 Carbon fiber recyclers 178 (17 company profiles)
3 CARBON BLACK 192
3.1 Commercially available carbon black 192
3.2 Properties 193
3.2.1 Particle size distribution 194
3.2.2 Structure-Aggregate size 195
3.2.3 Surface chemistry 195
3.2.4 Agglomerates 195
3.2.5 Colour properties 196
3.2.6 Porosity 196
3.2.7 Physical form 196
3.3 Manufacturing processes 196
3.4 Markets and applications 198
3.4.1 Tires and automotive 198
3.4.2 Non-Tire Rubber (Industrial rubber) 201
3.4.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries and Energy Storage 202
3.4.3.1 Role of Carbon Black in Battery Electrodes 202
3.4.3.2 Carbon Black vs. Carbon Nanotubes in Battery Applications 202
3.4.3.3 Key Conductive Carbon Black Grades for Batteries 202
3.4.3.4 Market Size and Forecast 203
3.4.4 Other markets 203
3.5 Specialty carbon black 204
3.5.1 Applications 204
3.5.2 Global market size for specialty CB 205
3.6 Recovered carbon black (rCB) 206
3.6.1 Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires (ELT) 207
3.6.2 Discontinuous (“batch”) pyrolysis 207
3.6.3 Semi-continuous pyrolysis 208
3.6.4 Continuous pyrolysis 208
3.6.5 Key players 208
3.6.6 Global market size for Recovered Carbon Black 209
3.7 Plasma-Produced Carbon Black 210
3.7.1 Technology Overview 210
3.7.2 Key Players 211
3.7.3 Market Outlook 211
3.8 Bio-based and Alternarive Carbon Black 212
3.8.1 Overview 212
3.8.2 Key Players and Technologies 213
3.8.3 Market Assessment 213
3.8.4 Market analysis 215
3.8.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 215
3.8.4.2 Regulations 215
3.8.4.3 Supply chain 216
3.8.4.4 Price and Costs Analysis 217
3.8.5 Carbon Black Classification by Grade, Purity and Carbon Content 218
3.8.5.1 Competitive Landscape 220
3.8.5.2 Future Outlook 222
3.8.5.3 Customer Segmentation 222
3.8.5.4 Addressable Market Size 223
3.8.5.5 Risks and Opportunities 224
3.8.5.6 Global market 224
3.9 Company profiles 226 (59 company profiles)
4 GRAPHITE 262
4.1 Types of graphite 264
4.1.1 Natural vs synthetic graphite 264
4.2 Natural graphite 265
4.2.1 Classification 266
4.2.2 Processing 267
4.2.3 Flake 268
4.2.3.1 Grades 268
4.2.3.2 Applications 268
4.2.3.3 Spherical graphite 269
4.2.3.4 Expandable graphite 270
4.2.4 Amorphous graphite 270
4.2.4.1 Applications 270
4.2.5 Crystalline vein graphite 271
4.2.5.1 Applications 271
4.3 Synthetic graphite 272
4.3.1 Classification 272
4.3.1.1 Primary synthetic graphite 273
4.3.1.2 Secondary synthetic graphite 273
4.3.2 Processing 273
4.3.2.1 Processing for battery anodes 274
4.3.3 Issues with synthetic graphite production 274
4.3.4 Isostatic Graphite 275
4.3.4.1 Description 275
4.3.4.2 Markets 275
4.3.4.3 Producers and production capacities 276
4.3.5 Graphite electrodes 276
4.3.6 Extruded Graphite 276
4.3.7 Vibration Molded Graphite 277
4.3.8 Die-molded graphite 278
4.4 New technologies 279
4.5 Recycling of graphite materials 279
4.6 Markets and applications 280
4.7 Graphite pricing (ton) 281
4.7.1 Pricing 2020-2025 281
4.7.1.1 Fine Flake Graphite Prices 282
4.7.1.2 Spherical Graphite Prices 283
4.7.1.3 +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices 283
4.7.1.4 Large Flake 284
4.7.2 Graphite Classification by Purity Grade and Form 285
4.8 Global production of graphite 287
4.8.1 Market Dynamics and Demand Drivers (2024-2025) 287
4.8.1.1 Steel Sector Weakness 288
4.8.1.2 Inventory Overhang Impact 288
4.8.1.3 Substitution Dynamics 289
4.8.1.4 Ex-China Markets Maintain Natural Preference 289
4.8.2 China dominance 289
4.8.2.1 Domestic Market Competition Structure 290
4.8.2.2 Strategic Cost Optimization (2021-2024) 290
4.8.2.3 Government Support and Subsidy Structures 292
4.8.2.4 China's Strategic Export Control Framework 293
4.8.2.5 Practical Impact of Export Controls 293
4.8.3 United States Subsidies, Loans, and Tariff Policy Evolution 293
4.8.3.1 Federal Loan Guarantee Programs 294
4.8.3.2 The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Clean Vehicle Credit (CVC) 294
4.8.3.3 FEOC Restrictions and Timeline Extensions 295
4.8.3.4 Political Uncertainty - "One Big Beautiful Bill" and CVC Expiration 295
4.8.3.5 Tariff Policy Evolution 296
4.8.3.6 July 2025 - Preliminary AD Determination 296
4.8.3.7 Chinese Retaliatory Measures 297
4.8.3.8 Policy Sustainability Analysis 298
4.8.4 Global mine production and reserves of natural graphite 298
4.8.5 Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2037 299
4.8.5.1 Natural Graphite 299
4.8.5.2 Synthetic Graphite 300
4.8.6 Western Market Cost Competitiveness Analysis 300
4.8.6.1 Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure 300
4.8.6.2 Chinese Pricing as Competitive Floor 302
4.8.6.3 Policy Support Mechanisms Bridging the Gap 302
4.8.6.4 Alternative Competitive Strategies 303
4.9 Global market demand for graphite by end use market 2016-2037, tonnes 307
4.9.1 Battery Market Dominance 308
4.9.2 Steel/Refractories Sector 308
4.9.3 Mature Industrial Markets 308
4.9.4 Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market 309
4.10 Demand by region 310
4.10.1 Asia-Pacific 311
4.10.2 North America 312
4.10.3 Europe 313
4.10.4 Brazil 314
4.11 Factors that aid graphite market growth 315
4.12 Factors that hinder graphite market growth 316
4.13 Main market players 317
4.13.1 Natural graphite 317
4.13.2 Synthetic graphite 317
4.14 Market supply chain 318
4.15 Lithium-ion batteries 320
4.15.1 Gigafactories 322
4.15.2 Anode material in electric vehicles 324
4.15.2.1 Properties 325
4.15.2.2 Market demand 326
4.15.2.3 Global Anode Market Structure and Competitive Dynamics 326
4.15.3 Recent trends in the automotive market and EVs 330
4.15.4 Higher costs and tight supply 331
4.15.5 Forecast for EVs 331
4.16 Refractory manufacturing (Steel market) 331
4.16.1 Steel market trends and graphite growth 332
4.16.2 Carbon Sources for refractories 332
4.16.3 Electric arc furnaces in steelmaking 332
4.16.4 Recarburising 333
4.17 Graphite Shapes 334
4.18 Electronics 335
4.18.1 Thermal management 335
4.19 Fuel Cells 335
4.20 Nuclear 336
4.21 Lubricants 336
4.22 Friction materials 337
4.23 Flame retardants 337
4.24 Solar and wind turbines 337
4.25 Company profiles 338 (103 company profiles)
5 BIOCHAR 407
5.1 What is biochar? 407
5.2 Carbon sequestration 408
5.3 Properties of biochar 409
5.4 Markets and applications 411
5.4.1 Biochar Classification by Carbon Content and Production Route 416
5.5 Feedstocks 417
5.6 Production processes 418
5.6.1 Sustainable production 418
5.6.2 Pyrolysis 419
5.6.2.1 Slow pyrolysis 419
5.6.2.2 Fast pyrolysis 420
5.6.3 Gasification 420
5.6.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) 421
5.6.5 Torrefaction 421
5.6.6 Equipment manufacturers 422
5.7 Carbon credits 423
5.7.1 Overview 423
5.7.2 Removal and reduction credits 423
5.7.3 The advantage of biochar 423
5.7.4 Price 424
5.7.5 Buyers of biochar credits 424
5.7.6 Competitive materials and technologies 424
5.7.6.1 Geologic carbon sequestration 424
5.7.6.2 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) 425
5.7.6.3 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) 425
5.7.6.4 Enhanced mineral weathering with mineral carbonation 426
5.7.6.5 Ocean alkalinity enhancement 426
5.7.6.6 Forest preservation and afforestation 427
5.8 Markets for biochar 427
5.8.1 Agriculture & livestock farming 427
5.8.1.1 Market drivers and trends 427
5.8.1.2 Applications 427
5.8.2 Construction materials 431
5.8.2.1 Market drivers and trends 431
5.8.2.2 Applications 431
5.8.3 Wastewater treatment 434
5.8.3.1 Market drivers and trends 434
5.8.3.2 Applications 435
5.8.4 Filtration 436
5.8.4.1 Market drivers and trends 436
5.8.4.2 Applications 436
5.8.5 Carbon capture 436
5.8.5.1 Market drivers and trends 436
5.8.5.2 Applications 437
5.8.6 Cosmetics 437
5.8.6.1 Market drivers and trends 437
5.8.6.2 Applications 437
5.8.7 Textiles 438
5.8.7.1 Market drivers and trends 438
5.8.7.2 Applications 438
5.8.8 Additive manufacturing 439
5.8.8.1 Market drivers and trends 439
5.8.8.2 Applications 439
5.8.9 Ink 440
5.8.9.1 Market drivers and trends 440
5.8.9.2 Applications 440
5.8.10 Polymers 440
5.8.10.1 Market drivers and trends 440
5.8.10.2 Applications 441
5.8.11 Packaging 441
5.8.11.1 Market drivers and trends 441
5.8.11.2 Applications 442
5.8.12 Steel and metal 443
5.8.12.1 Market drivers and trends 443
5.8.12.2 Applications 443
5.8.13 Energy 444
5.8.13.1 Market drivers and trends 444
5.8.13.2 Applications 444
5.9 Market analysis 448
5.9.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 448
5.9.2 Regulations 448
5.9.3 Price and Costs Analysis 448
5.9.4 Supply Chain 449
5.9.5 Competitive Landscape 450
5.9.6 Future Outlook 450
5.9.7 Customer Segmentation 450
5.9.8 Addressable Market Size 451
5.9.9 Risks and Opportunities 452
5.10 Global market 452
5.10.1 By end use market 453
5.10.2 By region 453
5.10.3 By feedstocks 454
5.10.3.1 China and Asia-Pacific 454
5.10.3.2 North America 456
5.10.3.3 Europe 456
5.10.3.4 South America 457
5.10.3.5 Africa 458
5.10.3.6 Middle East 459
5.11 Company profiles 460 (147 company profiles)
6 GRAPHENE 544
6.1 Types of graphene 544
6.2 Properties 546
6.3 Market analysis 547
6.3.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 547
6.3.2 Regulations 549
6.3.3 Price and Costs Analysis 549
6.3.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 552
6.3.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 552
6.3.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 553
6.3.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 554
6.3.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 555
6.3.3.6 Graphene ink 556
6.3.4 Graphene Classification by Form, Purity and Production Route 556
6.3.5 Markets and applications 558
6.3.5.1 Batteries 558
6.3.5.2 Supercapacitors 559
6.3.5.3 Polymer additives 561
6.3.5.4 Sensors 562
6.3.5.5 Conductive inks 564
6.3.5.6 Transparent conductive films 565
6.3.5.7 Transistors and integrated circuits 567
6.3.5.8 Filtration 569
6.3.5.9 Thermal management 571
6.3.5.10 Additive Manufacturing/3D printing 572
6.3.5.11 Adhesives 574
6.3.5.12 Aerospace 576
6.3.5.13 Automotive 578
6.3.5.14 Fuel cells 580
6.3.5.15 Biomedical and healthcare 582
6.3.5.16 Building and Construction 584
6.3.5.17 Paints and coatings 587
6.3.5.18 Photovoltaics 589
6.3.6 Supply Chain 590
6.3.7 Production Capacities 592
6.3.8 Future Outlook 599
6.3.9 Addressable Market Size 602
6.3.10 Risks and Opportunities 608
6.3.11 Global demand 2018-2037, tons 609
6.3.11.1 Global demand by graphene material (tons) 609
6.3.11.2 Global demand by end user market 610
6.3.11.3 Graphene market, by region 610
6.3.11.4 Revenue by End-Use Application 611
6.4 Company profiles 612 (360 company profiles)
7 CARBON NANOTUBES 844
7.1 Properties 844
7.1.1 Comparative properties of CNTs 845
7.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 846
7.2.1 Properties 846
7.2.2 Markets and applications 846
7.3 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 850
7.3.1 Properties 850
7.3.2 Markets and applications 850
7.4 Market Overview 852
7.4.1 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) 852
7.4.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) 853
7.4.3 Market Demand by End-Use Market (2020-2037) 853
7.4.4 Revenue by End-Use Application 854
7.5 Carbon Nanotube Classification by Type, Wall Number and Purity 855
7.6 Markets for Carbon Nanotubes 856
7.6.1 Energy Storage 856
7.6.2 Polymer Composites 857
7.6.3 Electronics 858
7.6.4 Thermal interface materials 859
7.6.5 Construction 860
7.6.6 Coatings 860
7.6.7 Automotive 861
7.6.8 Aerospace 862
7.6.9 Others (Filtration, Sensors, Medical Devices, Lubricants, and Emerging Applications) 863
7.7 Company profiles 864 (154 company profiles)
7.8 Other types 963
7.8.1 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) 963
7.8.1.1 Properties 963
7.8.1.2 Applications 963
7.8.2 Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) 964
7.8.2.1 Properties 964
7.8.2.2 Applications 964
7.8.3 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) 965
7.8.3.1 Properties 965
7.8.3.2 Applications 966
7.8.4 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs) 966
7.8.4.1 Properties 966
7.8.4.2 Applications 967
7.8.5 Carbon Nano-Onions 968
7.8.5.1 Properties 968
7.8.5.2 Applications 969
7.8.5.3 Production and Pricing 969
7.8.5.4 Market Analysis 969
7.8.6 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) 971
7.8.6.1 Properties 971
7.8.6.2 Applications 972
7.8.6.3 Production 972
7.8.7 Companies 972 (7 company profiles)
8 CARBON NANOFIBERS 977
8.1 Properties 977
8.2 Synthesis 977
8.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition 977
8.2.2 Electrospinning 977
8.2.3 Template-based 978
8.2.4 From biomass 978
8.3 Markets 978
8.3.1 Energy storage 978
8.3.1.1 Batteries 978
8.3.1.2 Supercapacitors 979
8.3.1.3 Fuel cells 979
8.3.2 CO2 capture 979
8.3.3 Composites 980
8.3.4 Filtration 980
8.3.5 Catalysis 980
8.3.6 Sensors 980
8.3.7 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding 981
8.3.8 Biomedical 981
8.3.9 Concrete 981
8.4 Market analysis 982
8.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 982
8.4.2 Price and Costs Analysis 982
8.4.3 Carbon Nanofiber Classification by Structure and Purity 983
8.4.4 Supply Chain 983
8.4.5 Future Outlook 984
8.4.6 Addressable Market Size 985
8.4.7 Risks and Opportunities 985
8.5 Global market revenues 986
8.6 Companies 987 (12 company profiles)
9 FULLERENES 995
9.1 Properties 995
9.2 Markets and applications 997
9.3 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 997
9.4 Market analysis 998
9.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 998
9.4.2 Price and Costs Analysis 998
9.4.3 Fullerene Classification by Molecule, Purity and Derivative Form 999
9.4.4 Supply Chain 1000
9.4.5 Future Outlook 1000
9.4.6 Customer Segmentation 1001
9.4.7 Addressable Market Size 1001
9.4.8 Risks and Opportunities 1002
9.4.9 Global market demand (tons) 1002
9.4.10 Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market 1003
9.5 Producers 1004 (20 company profiles)
10 NANODIAMONDS 1014
10.1 Introduction 1014
10.2 Types 1014
10.2.1 Detonation Nanodiamonds 1015
10.2.2 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) 1017
10.2.3 Diamond semiconductors 1017
10.3 Markets and applications 1017
10.4 Market analysis 1020
10.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1020
10.4.2 Regulations 1021
10.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis 1022
10.4.4 Nanodiamond Classification by Production Route and Purity 1024
10.4.5 Supply Chain 1024
10.4.6 Future Outlook 1025
10.4.7 Risks and Opportunities 1026
10.4.8 Global demand 2018-2037, tonnes 1027
10.4.9 Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market 1028
10.5 Company profiles 1028 (30 company profiles)
11 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 1054
11.1 Comparison to quantum dots 1055
11.2 Properties 1056
11.3 Synthesis 1056
11.3.1 Top-down method 1056
11.3.2 Bottom-up method 1057
11.4 Applications 1059
11.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 1059
11.5.1 GQD Classification by Purity, Size and Surface Functionalisation 1060
11.5.2 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 1061
11.6 Graphene quantum dot producers 1062 (9 company profiles)
12 CARBON FOAM 1069
12.1 Types 1069
12.1.1 Carbon aerogels 1069
12.1.1.1 Carbon-based aerogel composites 1070
12.2 Properties 1070
12.3 Markets and Applications 1071
12.3.1 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 1073
12.3.2 Carbon Foam Classification by Precursor and Purity 1074
12.4 Company profiles 1075 (10 company profiles)
13 DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON (DLC) COATINGS 1082
13.1 Properties 1083
13.2 Applications and markets 1084
13.2.1 DLC Coating Classification by sp³ Content and Hydrogen Content 1085
13.3 Global market size 1086
13.4 Company profiles 1087 (9 company profiles)
14 ACTIVATED CARBON 1093
14.1 Overview 1093
14.2 Types 1093
14.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) 1095
14.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) 1095
14.2.3 Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC) 1095
14.2.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon 1096
14.2.5 Bead Activated Carbon (BAC 1096
14.2.6 Polymer Coated Carbon 1096
14.2.7 Specialty Forms 1096
14.3 Production 1097
14.3.1 Coal-based Activated Carbon 1097
14.3.2 Wood-based Activated Carbon 1097
14.3.3 Coconut Shell-based Activated Carbon 1097
14.3.4 Fruit Stone and Nutshell-based Activated Carbon 1097
14.3.5 Polymer-based Activated Carbon 1097
14.3.6 Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs) 1098
14.4 Markets and applications 1098
14.4.1 Water Treatment 1099
14.4.2 Air Purification 1099
14.4.3 Food and Beverage Processing 1099
14.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 1099
14.4.5 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 1099
14.4.6 Mining and Precious Metal Recovery 1099
14.4.7 Environmental Remediation 1099
14.4.8 Energy Storage 1100
14.4.8.1 Supercapacitor Technology and Activated Carbon's Role 1100
14.4.8.2 Lead-carbon batteries 1102
14.4.8.3 Lithium-ion Batteries and Lithium-ion Capacitors 1103
14.4.8.4 Flow Batteries 1104
14.4.8.5 Zinc-Air and Metal-Air Batteries 1104
14.4.8.6 Fuel Cell Components 1104
14.4.8.7 Solid-State Batteries 1104
14.4.9 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 1104
14.4.10 Automotive and Vehicle Applications 1105
14.4.11 Personal Care, Consumer Products, and Other Specialty Applications 1105
14.5 Market analysis 1106
14.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1106
14.5.2 Regulations 1107
14.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis 1107
14.5.4 Activated Carbon Classification by Form, Purity and Application Grade 1108
14.5.5 Supply Chain 1109
14.5.6 Future Outlook 1110
14.5.7 Customer Segmentation 1112
14.5.8 Addressable Market Size 1112
14.5.9 Risks and Opportunities 1114
14.6 Global market revenues 2020-2037 1114
14.6.1 Global activated carbon production capacity 1115
14.6.1.1 Reactivation Capacity 1116
14.7 Companies 1117 (24 company profiles)
15 CARBON AEROGELS AND XEROGELS 1137
15.1 Overview 1137
15.2 Types 1137
15.2.1 Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (RF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1137
15.2.2 Phenolic-Furfural (PF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1137
15.2.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1138
15.2.4 Biomass-derived Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1138
15.2.5 Doped Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1138
15.2.6 Composite Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1138
15.3 Markets and applications 1138
15.3.1 Energy Storage 1139
15.3.2 Thermal Insulation 1139
15.3.3 Catalysis 1139
15.3.4 Environmental Remediation 1140
15.3.5 Other Applications 1140
15.4 Market analysis 1140
15.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1140
15.4.2 Regulations 1141
15.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis 1142
15.4.4 Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel Classification by Drying Method and Purity 1142
15.4.5 Supply Chain 1143
15.4.6 Future Outlook 1144
15.4.7 Customer Segmentation 1144
15.4.8 Addressable Market Size 1145
15.4.9 Risks and Opportunities 1145
15.5 Global market forecast 1146
15.6 Companies 1147 (10 company profiles)
16 CARBON MATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION 1157
16.1 CO2 capture from point sources 1158
16.1.1 Transportation 1159
16.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities 1159
16.2 Main carbon capture processes 1161
16.2.1 Materials 1161
16.2.2 Post-combustion 1163
16.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion 1164
16.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 1165
16.2.5 Pre-combustion 1165
16.3 Carbon separation technologies 1166
16.3.1 Absorption capture 1168
16.3.2 Adsorption capture 1171
16.3.3 Membranes 1173
16.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture 1175
16.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture 1176
16.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner 1176
16.3.7 Other technologies 1177
16.3.7.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 1178
16.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies 1179
16.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2 1179
16.3.9.1 Process overview 1180
16.3.10 CO₂-Derived Carbon Classification by Conversion Route and Purity 1182
16.4 Direct air capture (DAC) 1183
16.4.1 Description 1183
16.5 Market Analysis 1185
16.6 Companies 1187 (4 company profiles)
17 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1190
18 REFERENCES 1191
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. Advanced Carbon Materials Market 2024–2036 (Billions USD) 57
Table 2. Consolidated Pricing Comparison for Advanced Carbon Materials 57
Table 3. Price Forecast Trends 2020–2037 59
Table 4. The advanced carbon materials market. 60
Table 5. Applications and Properties of Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing. 64
Table 6. Companies and Products Utilizing Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing. 65
Table 7.Carbon-Based Thermal Management Materials 67
Table 8. Carbon-Based Battery Additives 68
Table 9. Price Forecast Trends for All Materials 2020–2037 75
Table 10. Cross-Material CAGR Comparison by Application (Revenue CAGR 2024–2036, %) 78
Table 11. Cross-Material Purity Grade Summary — Lowest to Highest Commercial Grade 80
Table 12. Classification and types of the carbon fibers. 82
Table 13. Summary of carbon fiber properties. 83
Table 14. Modulus classifications of carbon fiber. 84
Table 15. Comparison of main precursor fibers. 85
Table 16. Properties of lignins and their applications. 91
Table 17. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries. 92
Table 18. Fiber properties of polyolefin-based CFs. 93
Table 19. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages. 96
Table 20. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes. 97
Table 21. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity. 98
Table 22. Methods for direct fiber integration. 99
Table 23. Continuous fiber 3D printing producers. 100
Table 24. Summary of markets and applications for CFRPs. 102
Table 25. Comparison of CFRP to competing materials. 104
Table 26. The market for carbon fibers in wind energy-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 106
Table 27. The market for carbon fibers in sports & leisure-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 106
Table 28. The market for carbon fibers in automotive-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 107
Table 29. Carbon fiber automotive applications by component and adoption stage 109
Table 30. The market for carbon fibers in pressure vessels-market drivers, desirable properties of CF, applications, pricing, key players. 109
Table 31. Key Type IV Pressure Vessel Manufacturers 111
Table 32. Hydrogen economy carbon fiber demand forecast 111
Table 33. The market for carbon fibers in oil and gas-market drivers, desirable properties, applications, pricing and key players. 112
Table 34. Carbon fiber demand from UAM/eVTOL sector — key parameters 113
Table 35. Market drivers and trends in carbon fibers. 114
Table 36. Regulations pertaining to carbon fibers 115
Table 37. Price and costs analysis for carbon fibers. 116
Table 38. Carbon Fiber Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimated Price and Primary Applications 116
Table 39. Carbon fibers supply chain. 117
Table 40. Production capacities of carbon fiber producers, in metric tonnes, current and planned. 118
Table 41. Future Outlook by End-Use Market. 119
Table 42. Addressable market size for carbon fibers by market. 121
Table 43. Market challenges in the CF and CFRP market. 121
Table 44. Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2037, by industry (MT). 122
Table 45. Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036, by Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes) 123
Table 46. Global Carbon Fiber Revenues 2020–2036, by Industry (Billions USD) 124
Table 47. Toray production sites 140
Table 48. Commercially available carbon black grades. 192
Table 49. Properties of carbon black and influence on performance. 194
Table 50. Carbon black compounds. 196
Table 51. Carbon black manufacturing processes, advantages and disadvantages. 197
Table 52: Market drivers for carbon black in the tire industry. 199
Table 53. Global market for carbon black in tires (Million metric tons), 2018 to 2037. 200
Table 54. Carbon black non-tire applications. 201
Table 55. Conductive Carbon Black Demand in Batteries (000s Tons) 203
Table 56. Specialty carbon black demand, 2018-2037 (000s Tons), by market. 205
Table 57. Categories for recovered carbon black (rCB) based on key properties and intended applications. 206
Table 58. rCB post-treatment technologies. 207
Table 59. Recovered carbon black producers. 208
Table 60. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018–2037 (000s Tons), by market 210
Table 61. Plasma-Produced Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2037 (000s Metric Tons). 211
Table 62. Bio-Based and Alternative Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2037 (000s Metric Tons) 213
Table 63. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Black. 215
Table 64. Regulations pertaining to carbon black. 215
Table 65. Market supply chain for carbon black. 216
Table 66 Pricing of carbon black. 217
Table 67. Carbon Black Grade Classification — Purity, Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Primary Applications 218
Table 68. Carbon Black — Required Purity by Application Segment 220
Table 69. Carbon black capacities, by producer. 220
Table 70. Future outlook for carbon black by end use market. 222
Table 71. Customer Segmentation: Carbon Black. 223
Table 72. Addressable market size for carbon black by market. 223
Table 73. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Black. 224
Table 74. Global market for carbon black 2018–2037, by end-user market (100,000 tons) 224
Table 75. Global market for carbon black 2018–2037, by end-user market (billion USD) 225
Table 76. Global market for carbon black 2018–2037, by region (100,000 tons) 225
Table 77. Selected physical properties of graphite. 262
Table 78. Characteristics of natural and synthetic graphite. 263
Table 79. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite. 264
Table 80. Natural graphite size categories, their advantages, average prices, and applications. 266
Table 81. Classification of natural graphite with its characteristics. 266
Table 82. Applications of flake graphite. 268
Table 83. Amorphous graphite applications. 271
Table 84. Crystalline vein graphite applications. 271
Table 85. Characteristics of synthetic graphite. 272
Table 86: Main markets and applications of isostatic graphite. 275
Table 87. Current or planned production capacities for isostatic graphite. 276
Table 88. Main graphite electrode producers and capacities (MT/year). 276
Table 89. Extruded graphite applications. 277
Table 90. Applications of Vibration Molded Graphite. 277
Table 91. Applicaitons of Die-molded graphite. 278
Table 92. Recycled refractory graphite applications. 279
Table 93. Markets and applications of graphite. 280
Table 94. Pricing by Graphite Type, 2020-2025. 281
Table 95. Fine Flake Graphite Prices (-100 mesh, 90-97% C). 282
Table 96. Spherical Graphite Prices (99.95% C). 283
Table 97. Spherical Graphite Quality Grades and Applications. 283
Table 98. +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices (>500μm, 94-97% C). 283
Table 99. Large Flake Premium Analysis. 284
Table 100. Graphite Pricing Compression Analysis 2022-2024. 284
Table 101. Graphite Purity Grades — Classification, Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Primary Applications 285
Table 102. Spherical Graphite — Required Purity by Battery Chemistry 287
Table 103.Chinese Battery AAM Mix Evolution. 289
Table 104. Chinese Graphite Anode Market Structure. 290
Table 105. Chinese Graphitisation Cost Evolution. 292
Table 106. Chinese Feedstock Cost Dynamics. 292
Table 107. Examples of Graphite-Related Federal Support. 294
Table 108. Potential Final Combined Tariffs (if affirmative final determinations). 297
Table 109. Estimated global mine Production of natural graphite 2020-2025, by country (tons). 298
Table 110. Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2037. 299
Table 111. Natural Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036). 299
Table 112. Synthetic Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036). 300
Table 113. Typical cost breakdown for ex-China natural graphite AAM production (per tonne). 300
Table 114. Synthetic Anode Cost Dynamics. 301
Table 115. Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure Analysis. 301
Table 116. Current and potential tariff structures. 302
Table 117. US Graphite Tariff Evolution and Impact Analysis. 303
Table 118. Landed Cost Impact (Chinese AAM @ US$5,000-7,000/t DDP China). 303
Table 119. Competitive Positioning Analysis. 307
Table 120. Global Graphite Demand by End-Use Market 2020-2037 (tonnes). 308
Table 121. End Use Market Share Evolution. 309
Table 122. Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market 309
Table 123. Global Graphite Demand by Regional Market 2020-2037 (tonnes). 311
Table 124. Asia-Pacific Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes). 311
Table 125. North America Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes) 312
Table 126. North America Supply vs Demand Balance (AAM only). 313
Table 127. Europe Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes) 313
Table 128. Europe Supply vs Demand Gap (AAM, kt): 314
Table 129. Brazil Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes) 315
Table 130. Brazil Supply-Demand Balance: 315
Table 131. Main natural graphite producers. 317
Table 132. Main synthetic graphite producers. 318
Table 133. Key minerals in an EV battery. 321
Table 134. Global Battery Demand by Chemistry and Anode Type (2024-2030). 321
Table 135. Current and planned gigafactories. 322
Table 136. Key Battery Anode Specifications. 329
Table 137. Historical Anode Pricing Trends (DDP China). 329
Table 138. Major Anode Producer Profiles and Competitive Positioning 330
Table 139. Overview of thermal management materials. 335
Table 140. Graphite production capacities by producer. 338
Table 141. Next Resources graphite flake products. 381
Table 142. Summary of key properties of biochar. 409
Table 143. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties 409
Table 144. Markets and applications for biochar. 411
Table 145. Biochar Purity Grades — Carbon Content, Production Route, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 417
Table 146. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics. 417
Table 147. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages. 418
Table 148. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass. 420
Table 149. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production. 421
Table 150. Biochar production equipment manufacturers. 422
Table 151. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits. 424
Table 152. Biochar applications in agriculture and livestock farming. 427
Table 153. Effect of biochar on different soil properties. 428
Table 154. Fertilizer products and their associated N, P, and K content. 429
Table 155. Application of biochar in construction. 431
Table 156. Process and benefits of biochar as an amendment in cement . 432
Table 157. Application of biochar in asphalt. 433
Table 158. Biochar applications for wastewater treatment. 435
Table 159. Biochar in carbon capture overview. 437
Table 160. Biochar in cosmetic products. 438
Table 161. Biochar in textiles. 439
Table 162. Biochar in additive manufacturing. 439
Table 163. Biochar in ink. 440
Table 164. Biochar in packaging. 442
Table 165. Companies using biochar in packaging. 442
Table 166. Biochar in steel and metal. 443
Table 167. Summary of applications of biochar in energy. 444
Table 168. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biochar. 448
Table 169. Regulations pertaining to biochar. 448
Table 170. Biochar supply chain. 449
Table 171. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets. 450
Table 172. Future outlook for biochar by end use market. 450
Table 173. Customer Segmentation for Biochar. 450
Table 174. Addressable market size for biochar by market. 451
Table 175. Risk and opportunities in Biochar. 452
Table 176. Global demand for biochar 2018-2037 (1,000 tons), by market. 453
Table 177. Global demand for biochar 2018-2037 (1,000 tons), by region. 453
Table 178. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2037. 454
Table 179. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2037. 455
Table 180. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (excluding China) (1,000 tons), 2023–2036. 455
Table 181. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2037. 456
Table 182. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2037. 457
Table 183. Biochar production by feedstocks in Africa (1,000 tons), 2023-2037. 458
Table 184. Biochar production by feedstocks in the Middle East (tons), 2023–2036 459
Table 185. Various Forms of Graphene and Related Materials 544
Table 186. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 546
Table 187. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in graphene. 547
Table 188. Regulations pertaining to graphene. 549
Table 189. Types of graphene and typical prices. 549
Table 190. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 552
Table 191. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 553
Table 192. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 553
Table 193. Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Pricing by Producer (2025 Updated) 554
Table 194. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 555
Table 195. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 556
Table 196. Graphene Forms and Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 557
Table 197. Market and applications for graphene in automotive 580
Table 198. Graphene supply chain. 591
Table 199. Graphene producer production capacities. 592
Table 200. Future outlook for graphene by end use market. 599
Table 201. Addressable market size for graphene by market. 603
Table 202. Risks and Opportunities in Graphene. 608
Table 203. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2037 (tons). 609
Table 204. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2037 (tons). 610
Table 205. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2037 (tons). 611
Table 206. Graphene Revenue by End-Use Application 2020–2037 611
Table 207. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 839
Table 208. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT. 844
Table 209. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 845
Table 210. Applications of MWCNTs. 846
Table 211. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT. 850
Table 212. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. 851
Table 213. Updated MWCNT Production Capacity Table (2024/2025) 853
Table 214. SWCNT Production Capacity (2024) 853
Table 215. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by end-use market, 2020-2037 (metric tons) 854
Table 216. Carbon Nanotube Revenue by End-Use Application (Millions USD) 854
Table 217. Carbon Nanotube CAGR by End-Use Application 855
Table 218. Carbon Nanotube Purity Grades — Classification, Specification, 2025 Pricing and 2037E Estimate 855
Table 219. Purity Requirements by Application 856
Table 220. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in energy storage, 2025-2037. 857
Table 221. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in polymer composites, 2025-2037. 857
Table 222. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in electronics, 2025-2037. 858
Table 223. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in thermal interface materials, 2025-2037. 859
Table 224. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in construction, 2025-2037. 860
Table 225. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in coatings, 2025-2037. 861
Table 226. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in automotive, 2025-2037. 861
Table 227. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in aerospace, 2025-2037. 862
Table 228. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in other end-use markets, 2025-2037. 863
Table 229. Chasm SWCNT products. 885
Table 230. Thomas Swan SWCNT production. 949
Table 231. Properties of carbon nanotube paper. 952
Table 232. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes. 963
Table 233. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs). 964
Table 234. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs). 966
Table 235. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns. 967
Table 236. Carbon Nano-Onions Revenue by End-Use Application 2020–2037 970
Table 237. Carbon Nano-Onion Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 970
Table 238. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs. 971
Table 239. Applications of BNNTs. 972
Table 240. Carbon Nanofibers from Biomass Analysis. 978
Table 241. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers. 982
Table 242. Price and Cost Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers. 982
Table 243. Carbon Nanofiber Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 983
Table 244. Carbon nanofibers supply chain. 983
Table 245. Future outlook for CNFs by end use market. 984
Table 246. Addressable market size for CNFs by market. 985
Table 247. Risks and Opportunities Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers. 985
Table 248. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2037 (millions USD), by market 986
Table 249. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 995
Table 250. Types of fullerenes and applications. 996
Table 251. Products incorporating fullerenes. 996
Table 252. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes. 997
Table 253. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Fullerenes. 998
Table 254. Price and costs analysis for Fullerenes. 998
Table 255. Fullerene Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 999
Table 256. Fullerenes supply chain. 1000
Table 257. Future outlook for Fullerenes by end use market. 1000
Table 258. Addressable market size for Fullerenes by market. 1001
Table 259. Risks and Opportunities Analysis. 1002
Table 260. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2037 (tons). 1002
Table 261. Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market 1003
Table 262. Properties of nanodiamonds. 1015
Table 263. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages. 1016
Table 264. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds. 1018
Table 265. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Nanodiamonds. 1020
Table 266. Regulations pertaining to Nanodiamonds. 1021
Table 267. Price and costs analysis for Nanodiamonds. 1022
Table 268. Nanodiamond Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 1024
Table 269. Nanodiamonds supply chain. 1024
Table 270. Future outlook for Nanodiamonds by end use market. 1026
Table 271. Risks and Opportunities in Nanodiamonds. 1026
Table 272. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2037. 1027
Table 273. Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market 1028
Table 274. Production methods, by main ND producers. 1028
Table 275. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list. 1030
Table 276. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list. 1034
Table 277. Daicel nanodiamond product list. 1036
Table 278. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list. 1038
Table 279. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list. 1042
Table 280. Plasmachem product list and applications. 1049
Table 281. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list. 1051
Table 282. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis. 1051
Table 283. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 1055
Table 284. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 1058
Table 285. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 1059
Table 286. Graphene Quantum Dot Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 1060
Table 287. Graphene Quantum Dots Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 1061
Table 288. Properties of carbon foam materials. 1071
Table 289. Applications of carbon foams. 1072
Table 290. Carbon Foam Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 2020–2037 1073
Table 291. Carbon Foam Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 1074
Table 292. Properties of Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1083
Table 293. Applications and markets for Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1085
Table 294. DLC Coating Purity Grades — sp³ Content, Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 1086
Table 295. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2037 (Billion USD). 1086
Table 296. Activated Carbon Product Type Comparison (Updated 2026) 1096
Table 297. Markets and Applications for Activated Carbon. 1098
Table 298. Supercapacitor Performance Specifications for Activated Carbon 1100
Table 299. Producers of Supercapacitor-Grade Activated Carbon 1101
Table 300. Types of Carbon Used in Lead-Carbon Batteries 1102
Table 301. Lead-Carbon Battery Applications 1102
Table 302. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Activated Carbon. 1106
Table 303. Regulations pertaining to Activated Carbon. 1107
Table 304. Price and costs analysis for Activated Carbon. 1108
Table 305. Activated Carbon Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 1108
Table 306. Activated Carbon — Required Purity by Application 1109
Table 307. Activated Carbon supply chain. 1110
Table 308. Future outlook for Activated Carbon by end use market. 1111
Table 309. Addressable market size for Activated Carbon by market. 1112
Table 310. Risks and Opportunities in Activated Carbon. 1114
Table 311. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2037 (millions USD), by market. 1115
Table 312. Global Activated Carbon Production Capacity by Region (2025-2026) 1116
Table 313. Markets and Applications for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1138
Table 314. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1140
Table 315. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1141
Table 316. Price and costs analysis for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1142
Table 317. Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications 1142
Table 318. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels supply chain. 1143
Table 319. Future outlook for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by end use market. 1144
Table 320. Addressable market size for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by market. 1145
Table 321. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Aerogels. 1145
Table 322. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2037 (millions USD), by market. 1146
Table 323. Point source examples. 1158
Table 324.Historical Growth of Global Operational CCS Capacity (2010–2025) 1160
Table 325.Global CCS Project Pipeline Status (2025) 1160
Table 326.Major Operational CCS Facilities Worldwide (2025) 1160
Table 327. Assessment of carbon capture materials 1161
Table 328. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 1163
Table 329. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 1166
Table 330. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 1166
Table 331. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 1168
Table 332. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 1170
Table 333. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 1171
Table 334. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview. 1174
Table 335. Comparison of main separation technologies. 1179
Table 336. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages. 1180
Table 337. CO₂-Derived Carbon Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Target Applications 1182
Table 338. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 1185
Table 339. CO₂-Derived Carbon Materials Revenue by End-Use Application 2020–2037 1186
List of Figures
Figure 1. Manufacturing process of PAN type carbon fibers. 86
Figure 2. Production processes for pitch-based carbon fibers. 89
Figure 4. Process of preparing CF from lignin. 91
Figure 5. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam. 187
Figure 6. Electron microscope image of carbon black. 193
Figure 7. Different shades of black, depending on the surface of Carbon Black. 195
Figure 8. Structure- Aggregate Size/Shape Distribution. 195
Figure 9 Break-down of raw materials (by weight) used in a tire. 198
Figure 11. Applications of specialty carbon black. 204
Figure 16. Die-molded graphite products. 278
Figure 17. Graphite market supply chain (battery market). 320
Figure 18. 2 Graphite: Content and share of total cell weight, for common types of lithium-ion cells for battery-powered electric vehicles. 325
Figure 19. Graphite as active anode material in lithium-ion cell. 325
Figure 20. Schematic illustration of an EAF. 333
Figure 21. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures. 407
Figure 22. Compressed biochar. 411
Figure 23. Biochar production by feedstocks in South America (1,000 tons), 2023-2037. 457
Figure 24. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln. 477
Figure 25. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 513
Figure 26. Takavator. 536
Figure 27. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 546
Figure 28. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Batteries 559
Figure 29. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Supercapacitors 560
Figure 30. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Polymer Additives 562
Figure 31. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Sensors 563
Figure 32. Applications roadmap for graphene in conductive inks (2025-2037). 565
Figure 33. Applications roadmap for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays 567
Figure 34. Applications roadmap for graphene transistors 569
Figure 35. Applications roadmap for graphene filtration membranes 570
Figure 36. Applications roadmap for graphene in thermal management (2025-2037). 572
Figure 37. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing. 574
Figure 38. Applications roadmap for graphene in adhesives (2025-2037). 576
Figure 39. Applications roadmap for graphene in aerospace (2205-2037). 578
Figure 40. Applications roadmap for graphene in fuel cells 582
Figure 41. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in biomedical and healthcare 584
Figure 42. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in building and construction 587
Figure 43. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in paints and coatings 588
Figure 44. Applications roadmap for graphene in in photovoltaics. 590
Figure 45. Graphene heating films. 612
Figure 46. Graphene flake products. 618
Figure 47. Printed graphene biosensors. 627
Figure 48. Prototype of printed memory device. 632
Figure 49. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 647
Figure 50. Graphene battery schematic. 671
Figure 51. Dotz Nano GQD products. 673
Figure 52. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 679
Figure 53. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 688
Figure 54. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 720
Figure 55. BioStamp nPoint. 750
Figure 56. Nanotech Energy battery. 767
Figure 57. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 770
Figure 58. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 771
Figure 59. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 772
Figure 60. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 773
Figure 61. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model. 963
Figure 62. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment. 965
Figure 63. TEM image of FWNTs. 966
Figure 64. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns. 967
Figure 65. TEM image of carbon onion. 968
Figure 66. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red. 971
Figure 67. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet. 975
Figure 68. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes. 998
Figure 69. Detonation Nanodiamond. 1015
Figure 70. NBD battery. 1044
Figure 71. Neomond dispersions. 1046
Figure 72. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points). 1048
Figure 73. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 1054
Figure 74. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 1055
Figure 75. Graphene quantum dots. 1057
Figure 76. Top-down and bottom-up methods. 1058
Figure 77. Schematic of typical microstructure of carbon foam: (a) open-cell, (b) closed-cell. 1069
Figure 78. Classification of DLC coatings. 1082
Figure 79. CO2 capture and separation technology. 1158
Figure 80. Post-combustion carbon capture process. 1163
Figure 81. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process. 1164
Figure 82. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process. 1165
Figure 83. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 1166
Figure 84. Amine-based absorption technology. 1169
Figure 85. Pressure swing absorption technology. 1173
Figure 86. Membrane separation technology. 1175
Figure 87. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation. 1175
Figure 88. Process schematic of chemical looping. 1176
Figure 89. Calix advanced calcination reactor. 1177
Figure 90. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram. 1178
Figure 91. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products. 1180
Figure 92. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 1184
Figure 93. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 1185
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