報告摘要
Industrial biomanufacturing uses living systems — microbes, mammalian, plant and insect cells, and increasingly cell-free enzymatic platforms — to produce molecules that would otherwise be made from petrochemical feedstocks or extracted from natural sources. It spans six commercial domains: biopharmaceuticals, industrial enzymes, biofuels, bioplastics, biochemicals and bio-agritech. The sector's economic case rests on three arguments rather than one. The first is decarbonisation: biological routes displace fossil feedstocks across chemicals, fuels, materials and food ingredients, and where carbon pricing tightens the cost gap narrows structurally rather than cyclically. The second is supply-chain resilience, since fermentation can be sited close to demand and run on local or waste-derived carbon. This has become explicit policy: the United States enacted the BIOSECURE Act in December 2025 and its National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology has identified limited domestic scale-up capacity as a structural weakness, while China has published target product lists to direct investment. The third is value capture — biomanufacturing creates new industrial ecosystems in strain design, bioprocess engineering and downstream separation rather than merely substituting inputs.
Biopharmaceuticals remain the largest value pool, with an addressable market approaching $1 trillion by 2030 across monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, recombinant proteins and the faster-growing cell, gene and RNA therapeutic segments. Industrial enzymes represent a mature multi-billion dollar market. Biofuels are the largest volume segment, and bioplastics, biochemicals and bio-agritech expanding from smaller bases. The technology frontier is moving on several fronts simultaneously: AI-driven protein and pathway design compressing design-build-test cycles; continuous and intensified fermentation displacing batch operation; cell-free systems removing the constraints of cell viability; and alternative feedstocks — C1 gases, lignocellulosics and captured CO₂ — reducing dependence on food crops.
The sector's record also warrants caution. Between 2019 and 2026 POET halted cellulosic production at Project Liberty, Clariant closed its Podari plant and exited biofuels, Fulcrum BioEnergy and Red Rock Biofuels entered bankruptcy without completing commercial production, both Enerkem sites failed, and Viridos filed for Chapter 11 after ExxonMobil ended a $350 million algae programme. No commercial biomass gasification-Fischer-Tropsch plant operates anywhere. Announced capacity consistently exceeds realised capacity, and forecasts should be read as contingent on a scale-up that has repeatedly proven harder than projected.
The Global Industrial Biomanufacturing Market 2027-2037 provides a comprehensive assessment of industrial biomanufacturing across its six commercial domains, combining technology analysis, market forecasts to 2037 and profiles of more than 1,000 companies. Industrial biomanufacturing has moved from a substitution play to a matter of industrial strategy, driven by decarbonisation targets, supply-chain security concerns and the emergence of AI-enabled biological design. This report examines what is genuinely commercial, what remains pre-commercial, and where announced capacity has failed to materialise. Coverage begins with production platforms — microbial fermentation, mammalian, plant and insect cell culture, transgenic systems and cell-free biomanufacturing — before addressing enabling technologies including synthetic biology, CRISPR-based strain engineering, continuous and intensified processing, downstream separation, and AI and robotics in bioprocess design.
Six market chapters then assess biopharmaceuticals, industrial enzymes, biofuels, bioplastics, biochemicals and bio-agritech. Each covers technology and materials analysis, market drivers, regulations, value chain, technology readiness, addressable market size, risks and opportunities, and global revenue forecasts segmented by product type, application and region. The report includes revenue and volume forecasts to 2037, capacity and consumption series for renewable diesel, biodiesel, bio-jet fuel, bioethanol, biomethane and bio-LNG, and detailed assessments of feedstock availability including waste lipids, lignocellulosics, C1 and C2 gases, and captured CO₂. More than 1,080 companies are profiled with descriptions, country of operation and website.
Contents
Executive Summary — definition and scope, processes, key components, economic importance, colours of biotechnology, markets, AI and robotics, emerging technologies
Production — microbial fermentation, mammalian cell culture, plant cell culture, insect cell culture, transgenic animals and plants, technologies, scale, mode of operation, host organisms
Biopharmaceuticals — overview, technology analysis, market analysis, company profiles
Industrial Enzymes (Biocatalysts) — overview, technology analysis, market analysis, company profiles
Biofuels — overview, technology analysis, market analysis, company profiles
Bioplastics — overview, technology analysis, market analysis, company profiles
Biochemicals — overview, technology analysis, market analysis, company profiles
Bio-Agritech — overview, technology analysis, market analysis, company profiles
Companies profiled include 3Bar Biologics, 3DBioFibR, 3M, 9Fiber, Inc., AbbVie, Absci Corp, Adaptive Symbiotic Technologies, ADBioplastics, Adjuvants Plus, Adriano di Marti/Desserto, Aduro Clean Technologies, Inc., Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd., Aemetis, Inc., AEP Polymers, Aeropowder Limited, AFINGEN®, Afyren, AGAE Technologies LLC, Again Bio, AgBiome, Agilyx, Agra Energy, Agragene, AGRANA Staerke GmbH, Agrinos, Agrivida, Agrobiomics, AgroRenew, AgroSpheres, Ahlstrom-Munksjö Oyj, AI Proteins, Air Company, Aircela Inc, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Algaeing, Algal Bio Co., Ltd., Algenesis Corporation, Algenie, Algenl, Algenol, Alginor ASA, Algix LLC, Allied Carbon Solutions, Allozymes, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Alto Neuroscience, AM Green, Amano Enzyme Inc., Amatera, Amfora, Amgen, AmicaTerra, Aminoverse, Amphista Therapeutics, AmphiStar, Amply Discovery, AMSilk GmbH, An Phát Bioplastics, Ananas Anam Ltd., Andermatt Biocontrol, Andritz AG, Anellotech, Inc., Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd., Anodyne Chemistries, ANPOLY, Inc., Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd., Ansa Biotechnologies, Antheia, APChemi Pvt. Ltd., Apeiron Bioenergy, Aperam BioEnergia, Apexzymes, Aphea.Bio, Applied Bioplastics, Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), Aqemia, Aquafil S.p.A., Aquapak Polymers Ltd, Arcadia Biosciences, Arcadia eFuels, Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM), Arctic Biomaterials Oy, Ardra Bio, Arekapak GmbH, Arkema S.A, Arlanxeo, Arrow Greentech, Arysta LifeScience, Arzeda, Arzeda Corp., Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, ASB Biodiesel Limited, Ascribe Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Atantares, Athos Therapeutics, Atlántica Agrícola, Atmonia, Atomwise, Attis Innovations, llc, Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services, AVA Biochem AG, Avalon BioEnergy, Avani Eco, Avantium B.V., Avicenna Biosciences, Avient Corporation, Avioxx, Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation, Ayas Renewables Inc., Azolla, Azotic Technologies, B-PREG, Balrampur Chini Mills, Bambooder Biobased Fibers B.V., Basecamp Research, BASF, BASF SE, Bast Fiber Technologies, Inc., Bayer CropScience, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd., Bcomp ltd., BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH, BEE Biofuel, Bee Vectoring Technologies, BeiGene, Benefuel Inc., BenevolentAI, Better Fibre Technologies, Betulium Oy, Beyond Leather Materials ApS, BigHat Biosciences, BigSis, Bio Fab NZ, BIO-FED, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Bio-Oils, Bio2Materials Sp. z o.o., Bio2Oil ApS, BioAge Labs, Biobest, BioBetter, Biocatalysts Ltd., Bioceres Crop Solutions, Biocon, BioConsortia, BIOD Energy, BioEnz Technologies, Bioextrax AB, Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, Biofibre GmbH, Biofine Technology, LLC, Bioform Technologies, Biofy, BiogasClean A/S, Biogen, Biojet AS, Biokemik, Bioleather, Biolevel, Biolexis Therapeutics, Bioline AgroSciences, BIOLO, BioLogiQ, Inc., BioMap, Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd., Biomatter, Biomatter Designs, Biome Bioplastics, Biome Makers, Bionema, BioNTech, BioPhero, Biophilica, BioPhy, Bioplastech Ltd, Bioplastix, Biopolax, Bioptimus SAS, BioSolutions, Biosyntia, Biotalys, BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG, Biotecam, Biotechnology SL, Biotelliga, Biotensidion GmbH, Biotic Circular Technologies Ltd., Biotrem, Biotrop, Biovox, Bioweg, bitBiome, BlockTexx Pty Ltd., Bloom Biorenewables SA, BluCon Biotech GmbH, Blue BioFuels, Inc., Blue Ocean Closures, BlueAlp Technology, Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd., Bolt Threads, Bontera, Boreal Bioproducts, Borealis AG, Borregaard Chemcell, Bosk Bioproducts Inc., Botanical Solutions, Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o., Braskem SA, Braven Environmental, LLC, Brightmark Energy, Brightseed, Bristol Myers Squibb, bse Methanol GmbH, BTG Bioliquids B.V., Bucha Bio, Inc., Burgo Group S.p.A., Buyo Bioplastic Ltd., Byogy Renewables, Inc., B’ZEOS, C-Zero Inc., C1 Green Chemicals AG, C16 Biosciences, Cambrium GmbH, Caphenia GmbH, CARAPAC Company, Carapace Biopolymers, Carbiolice, Carbios, Carbon Collect Limited, Carbon Crusher, Carbon Engineering Ltd., Carbon Infinity Limited, Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Sink LLC, Carbonade, CarbonBridge, Carbonwave, Carbyon BV, Cardia Bioplastics Ltd., Cardolite, Cargill, Cascade Biocatalysts, Cascade Biocatalysts, Inc., Cass Materials Pty Ltd, Cassandra Oil AB, Casterra Ag Ltd., Catalyxx, Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd., Celanese Corporation, Cellicon B.V., CellON, Celltrion, Cellucomp Ltd., Celluforce, Cellugy, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Celtic Renewables Ltd., Century Health Technology, Inc., Ceradis, Cereal Process Technologies (CPT), CERT Systems, Inc., Certis USA, CF Industries Holdings, Inc., CH-Bioforce Oy, ChainCraft, ChakraTech, Checkerspot, Inc., Chempolis Oy, Chestnut Bio Polymers, ChiralVision B.V., Chitelix, Chitose Bio Evolution Pte Ltd., Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd., Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd., Cibus, CIMV, CinderBio, Circa Group, Circla Nordic, Circular Systems, CJ Biomaterials, Inc., Clariant, Clariant AG, CleanJoule, Climeworks, CNF Biofuel AS, CO2BioClean, Coastgrass ApS, Codexis, COFCO Cooperation Ltd., Coffeeco Upcycle, Conagen, Concentric Agriculture, Concord Blue Engineering, Constructive Bio, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Corn Next, Corsair Group International, Corteva Agriscience, Corumat, Inc. and more
授權報價
| Single User | $1,200 GBP |
目錄 Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 29
1.1 Definition and Scope of Industrial Biomanufacturing 29
1.2 Overview of Industrial Biomanufacturing Processes 30
1.3 Key Components of Industrial Biomanufacturing 32
1.4 Importance of Industrial Biomanufacturing in the Global Economy 33
1.5 Colours of Biotechnology 33
1.6 Markets 34
1.6.1 Biopharmaceuticals 34
1.6.2 Industrial Enzymes 35
1.6.3 Biofuels 35
1.6.4 Biomaterials and Bioplastics 36
1.6.5 Specialty Chemicals 37
1.6.6 Food and Beverage 37
1.6.7 Agriculture and Animal Health 38
1.6.8 Environmental Biotechnology 39
1.7 AI and Robotics in Biomanufacturing 40
1.8 Other Advanced and Emerging Technologies in Biomanufacturing 41
2 PRODUCTION 43
2.1 Microbial Fermentation 43
2.2 Mammalian Cell Culture 43
2.3 Plant Cell Culture 44
2.4 Insect Cell Culture 44
2.4.1 Overview 44
2.4.2 Cell lines 45
2.4.3 Process characteristics 45
2.4.4 Glycosylation 45
2.4.5 Commercial applications 45
2.4.6 Position within industrial biomanufacturing 46
2.5 Transgenic Animals 46
2.6 Transgenic Plants 47
2.7 Technologies 47
2.7.1 Upstream Processing 47
2.7.1.1 Cell Culture 47
2.7.1.1.1 Overview 47
2.7.1.1.2 Types of Cell Culture Systems 47
2.7.1.1.3 Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance 48
2.7.1.1.4 Advances in Cell Culture Technology 49
2.7.1.1.4.1 Single-use systems 49
2.7.1.1.4.2 Process analytical technology (PAT) 49
2.7.1.1.4.3 Cell line development 49
2.7.2 Fermentation 50
2.7.2.1 Overview 50
2.7.2.1.1 Types of Fermentation Processes 50
2.7.2.1.2 Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance 50
2.7.2.1.3 Advances in Fermentation Technology 51
2.7.2.1.3.1 High-cell-density fermentation 51
2.7.2.1.3.2 Continuous processing 51
2.7.2.1.3.3 Metabolic engineering 52
2.7.2.1.3.4 Synthetic biology applications 52
2.7.2.1.3.5 Cell-free systems 52
2.7.2.1.3.6 Continuous vs batch biomanufacturing 53
2.7.3 Downstream Processing 54
2.7.3.1 Purification 54
2.7.3.1.1 Overview 54
2.7.3.1.2 Types of Purification Methods 54
2.7.3.1.3 Factors Affecting Purification Performance 54
2.7.3.1.4 Advances in Purification Technology 55
2.7.3.1.4.1 Affinity chromatography 55
2.7.3.1.4.2 Membrane chromatography 55
2.7.3.1.4.3 Continuous chromatography 56
2.7.3.1.4.4 Downstream processing (DSP) improvements 56
2.7.3.1.4.5 Tangential flow filtration (TFF) in downstream bioprocessing 57
2.7.4 Formulation 58
2.7.4.1 Overview 58
2.7.4.1.1 Types of Formulation Methods 58
2.7.4.1.2 Factors Affecting Formulation Performance 58
2.7.4.1.3 Advances in Formulation Technology 59
2.7.4.1.3.1 Controlled release 59
2.7.4.1.3.2 Nanoparticle formulation 59
2.7.4.1.3.3 3D printing 59
2.7.5 Bioprocess Development 59
2.7.5.1 Scale-up 59
2.7.5.1.1 Overview 59
2.7.5.1.2 Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance 60
2.7.5.1.3 Scale-up Strategies 61
2.7.5.2 Optimization 61
2.7.5.2.1 Overview 61
2.7.5.2.2 Factors Affecting Optimization Performance 61
2.7.5.2.3 Optimization Strategies 62
2.7.5.2.4 Machine learning to improve biomanufacturing processes 63
2.7.5.2.5 Process intensification and high-cell-density fermentation 65
2.7.5.2.6 Hybrid biotechnological-chemical approaches 67
2.7.6 Analytical Methods 69
2.7.6.1 Quality Control 69
2.7.6.1.1 Overview 69
2.7.6.1.2 Types of Quality Control Tests 69
2.7.6.1.3 Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance 71
2.7.6.2 Characterization 71
2.7.6.2.1 Overview 71
2.7.6.2.2 Types of Characterization Methods 72
2.7.6.2.3 Factors Affecting Characterization Performance 73
2.7.7 Synthetic Biology Tools and Techniques 74
2.7.7.1 DNA synthesis 74
2.7.7.2 CRISPR-Cas9 systems 75
2.7.7.3 Protein/enzyme engineering 75
2.7.7.4 Computer-aided design 76
2.7.7.5 Strain construction and optimization 77
2.7.7.6 Robotics and automation 78
2.7.7.7 Artificial intelligence and machine learning 79
2.7.8 Alternative Feedstocks and Sustainability 80
2.7.8.1 C1 feedstocks: Metabolic pathways 80
2.7.8.2 C2 feedstocks 81
2.7.8.3 Lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks 82
2.7.8.4 Blue biotechnology feedstocks 83
2.7.8.5 Routes for carbon capture in biotechnology 84
2.8 Scale of Production 85
2.8.1 Laboratory Scale 85
2.8.1.1 Overview 85
2.8.1.2 Scale and Equipment 85
2.8.1.3 Advantages 86
2.8.1.4 Disadvantages 86
2.8.2 Pilot Scale 87
2.8.2.1 Overview 87
2.8.2.2 Scale and Equipment 87
2.8.2.3 Advantages 87
2.8.2.4 Disadvantages 88
2.8.3 Commercial Scale 88
2.8.3.1 Overview 88
2.8.3.2 Scale and Equipment 88
2.8.3.3 Advantages 89
2.8.3.4 Disadvantages 90
2.9 Mode of Operation 90
2.9.1 Batch Production 90
2.9.1.1 Overview 90
2.9.1.2 Advantages 91
2.9.1.3 Disadvantages 91
2.9.1.4 Applications 92
2.9.2 Fed-batch Production 92
2.9.2.1 Overview 92
2.9.2.2 Advantages 92
2.9.2.3 Disadvantages 93
2.9.2.4 Applications 93
2.9.3 Continuous Production 93
2.9.3.1 Overview 93
2.9.3.2 Advantages 93
2.9.3.3 Disadvantages 94
2.9.3.4 Applications 94
2.9.3.5 Key fermentation parameter comparison 94
2.9.4 Downstream processing and product recovery 96
2.9.5 Cell factories for biomanufacturing 96
2.9.5.1 Range of organisms 98
2.9.5.2 Escherichia coli (E.coli) 99
2.9.5.3 Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) 100
2.9.5.4 Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) 101
2.9.5.5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) 101
2.9.5.6 Yarrowia lipolytica (Y. lipolytica) 102
2.9.5.7 Non-model organisms 103
2.9.6 Perfusion Culture 104
2.9.6.1 Overview 104
2.9.6.2 Advantages 104
2.9.6.3 Disadvantages 105
2.9.6.4 Applications 105
2.9.6.5 Perfusion bioreactors 105
2.9.7 Other Modes of Operation 106
2.9.7.1 Immobilized Cell Culture 106
2.9.7.1.1 Immobilized enzymes 107
2.9.7.1.2 Immobilized catalysts 108
2.9.7.2 Two-Stage Production 109
2.9.7.3 Hybrid Systems 109
2.10 Host Organisms 110
2.10.1 Genetic stability and containment 111
2.11 Manufacturing capacity and contract production 112
2.12 Scale-up economics and the first-of-a-kind problem 112
2.13 Sustainability accounting and certification 113
2.14 Water and resource intensity 113
3 BIOPHARMACEUTICALS 115
3.1 Overview 115
3.2 Technology/materials analysis 115
3.2.1 Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) 115
3.2.2 Recombinant Proteins 116
3.2.3 Vaccines 116
3.2.4 Cell and Gene Therapies 117
3.2.5 Blood Factors 118
3.2.6 Tissue Engineering Products 118
3.2.7 Nucleic Acid Therapeutics 119
3.2.8 Peptide Therapeutics 119
3.2.9 Biosimilars and Biobetters 120
3.2.10 Nanobodies and Antibody Fragments 121
3.2.11 Synthetic biology 121
3.2.11.1 Metabolic engineering 122
3.2.11.1.1 DNA synthesis 122
3.2.11.1.2 CRISPR 123
3.2.11.1.2.1 CRISPR/Cas9-modified biosynthetic pathways 123
3.2.11.2 Protein/Enzyme Engineering 124
3.2.11.3 Strain construction and optimization 125
3.2.11.4 Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering 126
3.2.11.5 Smart bioprocessing 126
3.2.11.6 Cell-free systems 127
3.2.11.7 Chassis organisms 129
3.2.11.8 Biomimetics 130
3.2.11.9 Sustainable materials 131
3.2.11.10 Robotics and automation 131
3.2.11.10.1 Robotic cloud laboratories 132
3.2.11.10.2 Automating organism design 132
3.2.11.10.3 Artificial intelligence and machine learning 132
3.2.11.11 Fermentation Processes 133
3.2.12 Generative Biology 133
3.2.12.1 Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) 135
3.2.12.1.1 Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) 135
3.2.12.1.2 Normalizing Flows 135
3.2.12.1.3 Autoregressive Models 135
3.2.12.1.4 Evolutionary Generative Models 136
3.2.12.2 Design Optimization 136
3.2.12.2.1 Evolutionary Algorithms (e.g., Genetic Algorithms, Evolutionary Strategies) 136
3.2.12.2.1.1 Genetic Algorithms (GAs) 136
3.2.12.2.1.2 Evolutionary Strategies (ES) 136
3.2.12.2.2 Reinforcement Learning 137
3.2.12.2.3 Multi-Objective Optimization 137
3.2.12.2.4 Bayesian Optimization 137
3.2.12.3 Computational Biology 138
3.2.12.3.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 138
3.2.12.3.2 Quantum Mechanical Calculations 139
3.2.12.3.3 Systems Biology Modeling 139
3.2.12.3.4 Metabolic Engineering Modeling 140
3.2.12.4 Data-Driven Approaches 140
3.2.12.4.1 Machine Learning 141
3.2.12.4.2 Graph Neural Networks 141
3.2.12.4.3 Unsupervised Learning 141
3.2.12.4.4 Active Learning and Bayesian Optimization 142
3.2.12.5 Agent-Based Modeling 142
3.2.12.6 Hybrid Approaches 143
3.2.13 Antibody-drug conjugates and multispecific formats 144
3.2.14 Continuous and intensified biologics manufacturing 145
3.3 Market analysis 145
3.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 145
3.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 146
3.3.3 Regulations 147
3.3.4 Value chain 149
3.3.5 Future outlook 149
3.3.6 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 150
3.3.7 Addressable Market Size 151
3.3.8 Risks and Opportunities 151
3.3.9 Global revenues 153
3.3.9.1 By application market 153
3.3.9.2 By regional market 154
3.4 Company profiles 156
4 INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES (BIOCATALYSTS) 182
4.1 Overview 182
4.1.1 Bio-manufactured enzymes 182
4.2 Technology/materials analysis 183
4.2.1 Detergent Enzymes 183
4.2.2 Food Processing Enzymes 184
4.2.3 Textile Processing Enzymes 184
4.2.4 Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes 185
4.2.5 Leather Processing Enzymes 185
4.2.6 Biofuel Production Enzymes 186
4.2.6.1 Enzymes for lignocellulosic derived bioethanol 186
4.2.6.2 Cellulases for lignocellulosic bioethanol 187
4.2.6.3 Hemicellulases and synergistic enzyme cocktails 188
4.2.6.4 Thermostable and extremophilic enzymes 189
4.2.6.5 Cost-performance metrics for thermostable enzymes 190
4.2.7 Animal Feed Enzymes 191
4.2.8 Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes 192
4.2.9 Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes 192
4.2.9.1 Enzymes for plastics recycling 193
4.2.9.2 Enzymatic depolymerization 194
4.2.9.3 Challenges in enzymatic depolymerization 195
4.2.10 Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes 195
4.2.11 Enzymes for Decarbonization and CO₂ Utilization 197
4.2.11.1 Carbonic anhydrase in CO₂ capture technologies 199
4.2.11.2 Formate dehydrogenase and CO₂-to-chemicals pathways 200
4.2.11.3 Selected enzymatic approaches to CO2 capture and conversion 201
4.2.12 Enzyme immobilisation 203
4.3 Market analysis 204
4.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 204
4.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 205
4.3.3 Technology challenges and opportunities for industrial enzymes 206
4.3.4 Economic competitiveness of enzymatic processing 207
4.3.5 Regulations 208
4.3.6 Value chain 209
4.3.7 Future outlook 209
4.3.8 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 211
4.3.9 Addressable Market Size 211
4.3.10 Risks and Opportunities 212
4.3.11 Global revenues 212
4.3.11.1 By application market 212
4.3.11.2 By regional market 214
4.4 Company profiles 215
5 BIOFUELS 231
5.1 Overview 231
5.2 Technology/materials analysis 233
5.2.1 Role in the circular economy 233
5.2.2 The global biofuels market 235
5.2.3 Feedstocks 235
5.2.3.1 First-generation (1-G) 236
5.2.3.2 Second-generation (2-G) 237
5.2.3.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 238
5.2.3.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 240
5.2.3.3 Third-generation (3-G) 244
5.2.3.3.1 Algal biofuels 244
5.2.3.3.1.1 Properties 245
5.2.3.3.1.2 Advantages 245
5.2.3.4 Fourth-generation (4-G) 246
5.2.3.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 247
5.2.4 Bioethanol 248
5.2.4.1 First-generation bioethanol (from sugars and starches) 248
5.2.4.2 Second-generation bioethanol (from lignocellulosic biomass) 248
5.2.4.3 Third-generation bioethanol (from algae) 249
5.2.5 Biodiesel 249
5.2.5.1 Biodiesel by generation 249
5.2.5.2 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels 250
5.2.5.2.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 251
5.2.5.2.2 Vegetable oil transesterification 254
5.2.5.2.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO) 255
5.2.5.2.3.1 Production process 255
5.2.5.2.4 Biodiesel from tall oil 257
5.2.5.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel 257
5.2.5.2.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass 260
5.2.5.2.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 260
5.2.5.2.8 Dymethyl ether (DME) 261
5.2.5.3 Prices 261
5.2.5.4 Global production and consumption 262
5.2.6 Biogas 263
5.2.6.1 Feedstocks 265
5.2.6.2 Biomethane 266
5.2.6.2.1 Production pathways 268
5.2.6.2.1.1 Landfill gas recovery 268
5.2.6.2.1.2 Anaerobic digestion 268
5.2.6.2.1.3 Thermal gasification 269
5.2.6.3 Global production 270
5.2.6.4 Prices 270
5.2.6.4.1 Raw Biogas 270
5.2.6.4.2 Upgraded Biomethane 271
5.2.6.5 Bio-LNG 271
5.2.6.5.1 Markets 271
5.2.6.5.1.1 Trucks 271
5.2.6.5.1.2 Marine 271
5.2.6.5.2 Plants 271
5.2.6.6 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas) 272
5.2.6.7 Carbon capture from biogas 272
5.2.6.8 Biosyngas 273
5.2.6.8.1 Production 273
5.2.6.8.2 Prices 274
5.2.7 Biobutanol 274
5.2.7.1 Production 276
5.2.7.2 Prices 276
5.2.8 Biohydrogen 277
5.2.8.1 Description 277
5.2.8.1.1 Dark fermentation 277
5.2.8.1.2 Photofermentation 278
5.2.8.1.3 Biophotolysis (direct and indirect) 278
5.2.8.1.3.1 Direct Biophotolysis: 278
5.2.8.1.3.2 Indirect Biophotolysis: 279
5.2.8.2 Production of biohydrogen from biomass 280
5.2.8.2.1 Biological Conversion Routes 280
5.2.8.2.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction 280
5.2.8.2.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion 281
5.2.8.2.2 Thermochemical conversion routes 281
5.2.8.2.2.1 Biomass Gasification 281
5.2.8.2.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis 281
5.2.8.2.2.3 Biomethane Reforming 282
5.2.8.3 Applications 282
5.2.8.4 Prices 283
5.2.9 Biomethanol 283
5.2.9.1 Gasification-based biomethanol 283
5.2.9.2 Biosynthesis-based biomethanol 284
5.2.9.3 Methanol-to gasoline technology 284
5.2.9.3.1 Production processes 285
5.2.9.3.1.1 Anaerobic digestion 286
5.2.9.3.1.2 Biomass gasification 286
5.2.9.3.1.3 Power to Methane 287
5.2.10 Bio-oil and Biochar 287
5.2.10.1 Pyrolysis-based bio-oil 288
5.2.10.2 Hydrothermal liquefaction-based bio-oil 288
5.2.10.3 Biochar from pyrolysis and gasification processes 289
5.2.10.4 Advantages of bio-oils 290
5.2.10.5 Production 292
5.2.10.5.1 Fast Pyrolysis 292
5.2.10.5.2 Costs of production 292
5.2.10.5.3 Upgrading 292
5.2.10.6 Applications 293
5.2.10.7 Bio-oil producers 294
5.2.10.8 Prices 294
5.2.10.8.1 Biochar co-product economics 295
5.2.10.8.2 Biochar in anaerobic digestion 296
5.2.11 Renewable Diesel and Jet Fuel 296
5.2.11.1 Renewable diesel 296
5.2.11.1.1 Production 296
5.2.11.1.2 Global consumption 297
5.2.11.1.3 Prices 298
5.2.11.2 Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel) 298
5.2.11.2.1 Description 298
5.2.11.2.2 SWOT analysis 300
5.2.11.2.3 Global production and consumption 301
5.2.11.2.4 Production pathways 301
5.2.11.2.5 Prices 302
5.2.11.2.6 Bio-aviation fuel production capacities 303
5.2.11.2.7 Challenges 303
5.2.11.2.8 Global consumption 304
5.2.12 Algal biofuels 304
5.2.12.1 Conversion pathways 304
5.2.12.2 SWOT analysis 305
5.2.12.3 Production 306
5.2.12.4 Market challenges 307
5.2.12.5 Prices 308
5.2.12.6 Producers 309
5.2.13 Power-to-liquids and e-fuels 309
5.2.13.1 The regulatory driver 310
5.2.14 Marine fuels 310
5.2.14.1 Comparison with biological pathways 311
5.3 Market analysis 312
5.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 312
5.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 314
5.3.3 Regulations 315
5.3.4 Value chain 316
5.3.5 Future outlook 317
5.3.6 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 318
5.3.7 Addressable Market Size 320
5.3.8 Risks and Opportunities 320
5.3.9 Global revenues 321
5.3.9.1 By biofuel type 321
5.3.9.2 Applications Market 322
5.3.9.3 By regional market 323
5.4 Company profiles 325
6 BIOPLASTICS 363
6.1 Overview 363
6.2 Technology/materials analysis 364
6.2.1 Polylactic acid (PLA) 364
6.2.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 366
6.2.2.1 Types 367
6.2.2.2 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) 371
6.2.2.3 Polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) 371
6.2.3 Bio-based polyethylene (PE) 372
6.2.4 Bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 373
6.2.5 Bio-based polyurethanes (PUs) 374
6.2.6 Starch-based plastics 375
6.2.7 Cellulose-based plastics 376
6.2.8 End-of-life pathways and recycling interaction 377
6.3 Market analysis 377
6.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 377
6.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 379
6.3.3 Regulations 380
6.3.4 Value chain 381
6.3.5 Future outlook 382
6.3.6 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 383
6.3.7 Addressable Market Size 385
6.3.8 Risks and Opportunities 385
6.3.9 Global revenues 386
6.3.9.1 By type 386
6.3.9.2 By application market 387
6.3.9.3 By regional market 388
6.4 Company profiles 390
7 BIOCHEMICALS 463
7.1 Overview 463
7.2 Bio-based feedstocks 464
7.2.1 Organic acids 468
7.2.1.1 Lactic acid 468
7.2.1.1.1 D-lactic acid 468
7.2.1.1.2 L-lactic acid 468
7.2.1.2 Succinic acid 469
7.2.1.3 Itaconic acid 470
7.2.1.4 Citric acid 471
7.2.1.5 Acetic acid 472
7.2.1.6 Malonic acid 472
7.2.2 Amino acids 473
7.2.2.1 Glutamic acid 473
7.2.2.2 Lysine 473
7.2.2.3 Threonine 475
7.2.2.4 Methionine 475
7.2.2.5 Vitamins produced using biotechnology 476
7.2.2.5.1 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 477
7.2.2.5.2 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 477
7.2.2.5.3 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) 478
7.2.2.5.4 Vitamin B7 (Biotin) 479
7.2.2.5.5 Vitamin B3 (Niacin Nicotinic Acid) 479
7.2.2.5.6 Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid Folate) 480
7.2.3 Alcohols 481
7.2.3.1 Ethanol 481
7.2.3.2 Butanol 481
7.2.3.3 Isobutanol 482
7.2.3.4 Propanediol 483
7.2.4 Surfactants 484
7.2.4.1 Biosurfactants (e.g., rhamnolipids, sophorolipids) 484
7.2.4.1.1 Rhamnolipids 485
7.2.4.1.2 Sophorolipids 486
7.2.4.1.3 Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) 487
7.2.4.1.4 Cellobiose lipids 488
7.2.4.1.5 Designer glycolipids and lipopeptides via synthetic biology 489
7.2.4.2 Alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) 490
7.2.5 Solvents 491
7.2.5.1 Ethyl lactate 491
7.2.5.2 Dimethyl carbonate 491
7.2.5.3 Glycerol 492
7.2.6 Flavours and fragrances 492
7.2.6.1 Vanillin 492
7.2.6.2 Nootkatone 493
7.2.6.3 Limonene 494
7.2.6.4 Bio-manufactured fragrances and aromatics 496
7.2.6.5 Biotech-derived fragrance precursors 496
7.2.6.6 Ambroxan 497
7.2.6.7 Flavour enhancers 498
7.2.6.8 Disodium Inosinate (IMP) 499
7.2.6.9 Disodium Guanylate (GMP) 500
7.2.6.10 Monatin 501
7.2.7 Bio-based monomers and intermediates 501
7.2.7.1 Succinic acid 501
7.2.7.2 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) 502
7.2.7.3 Isoprene 504
7.2.7.4 Ethylene 504
7.2.7.5 Propylene 505
7.2.7.6 Adipic acid 506
7.2.7.7 Acrylic acid 507
7.2.7.8 Sebacic acid 508
7.2.7.9 C12: Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) 509
7.2.7.10 1,5-Pentanediamine (PDA) 509
7.2.8 Bio-based polymers 509
7.2.8.1 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) 509
7.2.8.2 Polyamides (nylons) 511
7.2.8.3 Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) 511
7.2.8.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) 512
7.2.8.5 Polyethylene isosorbide terephthalate (PEIT) 514
7.2.8.5.1 Overview 514
7.2.8.5.2 Applications 515
7.2.9 Bio-based composites and blends 515
7.2.9.1 Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) 515
7.2.9.2 Biofiller-reinforced plastics 516
7.2.9.3 Biofiber-reinforced plastics 517
7.2.9.4 Polymer blends with bio-based components 518
7.2.10 Beauty and Personal Care Chemicals 519
7.2.10.1 Hyaluronic acid production 519
7.2.10.2 Squalene and Squalane alternatives 520
7.2.10.3 Collagen 521
7.2.10.4 Bio-based UV filters and photoprotective compounds 522
7.2.10.5 Melanin 523
7.2.10.6 Emollients 524
7.2.11 Waste 525
7.2.11.1 Food waste 525
7.2.11.2 Agricultural waste 526
7.2.11.3 Forestry waste 527
7.2.11.4 Aquaculturefishing waste 527
7.2.11.5 Municipal solid waste 528
7.2.11.6 Industrial waste 528
7.2.11.7 Waste oils 528
7.2.12 Microbial and mineral sources 529
7.2.12.1 Microalgae 529
7.2.12.2 Macroalgae 529
7.2.12.3 Cyanobacteria 530
7.2.12.4 Mineral sources 531
7.2.13 Precision fermentation and alternative proteins 532
7.2.14 Other Bio-manufactured Products 533
7.2.14.1 Cement alternatives from biomanufacturing 533
7.2.14.2 Precision fermentation products 535
7.3 Market analysis 536
7.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 536
7.3.1.1 Company landscape in specialty chemicals biotechnology 538
7.3.1.2 Bio-manufactured beauty ingredient production capacities 538
7.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 541
7.3.2.1 Trends and drivers in biotechnology 542
7.3.2.2 Government support of biotechnology 542
7.3.2.3 Carbon taxes 545
7.3.3 Regulations 546
7.3.4 Value chain 547
7.3.4.1 Economic viability factors 548
7.3.4.2 Effect of feedstock prices 549
7.3.4.3 Scale-up effects on cost 550
7.3.5 Future outlook 551
7.3.6 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 552
7.3.7 Addressable Market Size 553
7.3.8 Risks and Opportunities 554
7.3.9 Major market challenges 554
7.3.10 Technical challenges 555
7.3.11 Global revenues 556
7.3.11.1 By type 556
7.3.11.2 By application market 557
7.3.11.3 By regional market 558
7.4 Company profiles 560
8 BIO-AGRITECH 579
8.1 Overview 579
8.2 Technology & materials analysis 580
8.2.1 Biopesticides 580
8.2.1.1 Semiochemical 581
8.2.1.2 Macrobial Biological Control Agents 581
8.2.1.3 Microbial pesticides 584
8.2.1.4 Biochemical pesticides 584
8.2.1.5 Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) 585
8.2.2 Biofertilizers 586
8.2.3 Biostimulants 587
8.2.3.1 Microbial biostimulants 587
8.2.3.1.1 Nitrogen Fixation 589
8.2.3.1.2 Formulation Challenges 590
8.2.3.2 Natural Product Biostimulants 590
8.2.3.3 Manipulating the Microbiome 593
8.2.3.4 Synthetic Biology 594
8.2.3.5 Non-microbial biostimulants 595
8.2.4 Agricultural Enzymes 596
8.2.4.1 Types of Agricultural Enzymes 596
8.2.5 RNA-based biopesticides and semiochemicals 598
8.3 Market analysis 599
8.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 599
8.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 600
8.3.3 Regulations 601
8.3.4 Value chain 602
8.3.5 Future outlook 602
8.3.6 Addressable Market Size 603
8.3.7 Risks and Opportunities 604
8.3.8 Global revenues 604
8.3.8.1 By application market 604
8.3.8.2 By regional market 605
8.4 Company profiles 607
9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 627
10 REFERENCES 628
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. Biomanufacturing revolutions and representative products. 29
Table 2. Industrial Biomanufacturing categories. 30
Table 3. Overview of Biomanufacturing Processes. 31
Table 4. Continuous vs batch biomanufacturing 32
Table 5. Key Components of Industrial Biomanufacturing. 33
Table 6. Colours of biotechnology. 34
Table 7. AI and Robotics Applications in Biomanufacturing 40
Table 8. Advanced Technologies in Biomanufacturing Applications. 42
Table 9. Types of Cell Culture Systems. 48
Table 10. Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance. 49
Table 11. Types of Fermentation Processes. 50
Table 12. Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance. 51
Table 13. Advances in Fermentation Technology. 51
Table 14. Continuous vs Batch Biomanufacturing Comparison. 53
Table 15. Types of Purification Methods in Downstream Processing. 54
Table 16. Factors Affecting Purification Performance. 54
Table 17. Advances in Purification Technology. 55
Table 18. Downstream Processing Technology Improvements. 57
Table 19. TFF Applications in Downstream Processing. 57
Table 20. Common formulation methods used in biomanufacturing. 58
Table 21. Factors Affecting Formulation Performance. 58
Table 22. Advances in Formulation Technology. 59
Table 23. Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance in Biomanufacturing. 60
Table 24. Scale-up Strategies in Biomanufacturing. 61
Table 25. Factors Affecting Optimization Performance in Biomanufacturing. 62
Table 26. Optimization Strategies in Biomanufacturing. 62
Table 27. Machine Learning Applications in Biomanufacturing 64
Table 28. High-Cell-Density Fermentation Parameters and Targets. 65
Table 29. Hybrid Biotechnological-Chemical Process Applications. 67
Table 30. Types of Quality Control Tests in Biomanufacturing. 69
Table 31. Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance in Biomanufacturing 71
Table 32. Types of Characterization Methods in Biomanufacturing. 72
Table 33. Factors Affecting Characterization Performance in Biomanufacturing 73
Table 34. DNA Synthesis Technologies and Capabilities. 74
Table 35. CRISPR-Cas9 Applications in Biomanufacturing. 75
Table 36. Protein Engineering Strategies and Applications. 76
Table 37. Computer-Aided Design Tools in Biotechnology. 77
Table 38. Strain Engineering Strategies and Targets. 78
Table 39. Automation Applications in Biotechnology. 79
Table 40. AI/ML Applications in Biomanufacturing Systems. 80
Table 41. C1 Feedstock Utilization Pathways and Characteristics. 81
Table 42. C2 Feedstock Processing and Applications. 81
Table 43. Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing Technologies. 82
Table 44. Blue Biotechnology Feedstock Characteristics and Applications. 83
Table 45. Carbon Capture and Utilization Pathways in Biotechnology. 85
Table 46. Key fermentation parameters in batch vs continuous biomanufacturing processes. 91
Table 47. Key fermentation parameter comparison 94
Table 48. Downstream processing cost share by product class 96
Table 49. Major microbial cell factories used in industrial biomanufacturing. 97
Table 50. Organism Categories and Production Capabilities. 98
Table 51. E. coli Characteristics for Biomanufacturing Applications. 99
Table 52. C. glutamicum Production Capabilities and Characteristics. 100
Table 53. B. subtilis Production Systems and Applications. 101
Table 54. S. cerevisiae Capabilities and Industrial Applications. 102
Table 55. Y. lipolytica Production Capabilities and Process Parameters. 103
Table 56. Non-Model Organisms and Specialized Applications. 104
Table 57. Perfusion Bioreactor Technologies and Performance. 106
Table 58. Enzyme Immobilization Methods and Characteristics. 107
Table 59. Immobilized Catalyst Systems and Applications. 108
Table 60. Comparison of Modes of Operation. 109
Table 61. Host organisms commonly used in biomanufacturing. 110
Table 62. Types of biopharmaceuticals. 115
Table 63. Types of Monoclonal Antibodies. 116
Table 64. Types of Recombinant Proteins. 116
Table 65. Types of biopharma vaccines. 117
Table 66. Types of Cell and Gene Therapies 117
Table 67. Types of Blood Factors. 118
Table 68. Types of Tissue Engineering Products. 118
Table 69. Types of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics. 119
Table 70. Types of Peptide Therapeutics. 120
Table 71. Types of Biosimilars and Biobetters. 120
Table 72. Types of Nanobodies and Antibody Fragments. 121
Table 73. Types of Synthetic Biology Applications in Biopharmaceuticals. 121
Table 74. Engineered proteins in industrial applications. 125
Table 75. Cell-free versus cell-based systems 128
Table 76. White biotechnology fermentation processes. 133
Table 77. Key players in biopharmaceuticals. 145
Table 78. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Biopharmaceuticals. 146
Table 79. Biopharmaceuticals Regulations. 147
Table 80. Value chain: Biopharmaceuticals. 149
Table 81. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Biopharmaceuticals. 150
Table 82. Addressable market size for biopharmaceuticals. 151
Table 83. Risks and Opportunities in biopharmaceuticals. 151
Table 84. Global revenues for biopharmaceuticals, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 153
Table 85. Global revenues for biopharmaceuticals, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 154
Table 86. Biopharmaceuticals company profiles. 156
Table 87. Types of industrial enzymes. 182
Table 88. Types of Detergent Enzymes. 183
Table 89. Types of Food Processing Enzymes 184
Table 90. Types of Textile Processing Enzymes. 184
Table 91. Types of Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes. 185
Table 92. Types of Leather Processing Enzymes. 185
Table 93. Types of Biofuel Production Enzymes. 186
Table 94. Lignocellulosic Enzyme Systems and Performance. 187
Table 95. Cellulase Component Functions and Characteristics. 188
Table 96. Hemicellulase Systems and Substrate Specificity. 189
Table 97. Thermostable Enzyme Sources and Characteristics. 190
Table 98. Thermostable Enzyme Economic Analysis Framework. 191
Table 99. Types of Animal Feed Enzymes. 191
Table 100. Types of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes. 192
Table 101. Types of Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes. 192
Table 102. Enzymes for Plastics Recycling Applications. 194
Table 103. Challenges in Enzymatic Depolymerization. 195
Table 104. Types of Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes. 196
Table 105. Comparison of enzyme types. 196
Table 106. Enzymes for Decarbonization and CO₂ Utilization. 198
Table 107. Carbonic Anhydrase Applications in CO₂ Capture. 200
Table 108. Formate Dehydrogenase Systems for CO₂ Conversion. 201
Table 109. Enzymatic approaches to CO₂ capture and conversion 202
Table 110. Enzymatic CO₂ Capture and Conversion Technologies. 203
Table 111. Key players in industrial enzymes. 204
Table 112. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in industrial enzymes. 205
Table 113. Technology Challenges and Opportunities for Industrial Enzymes. 206
Table 114. Industrial enzymes Regulations. 208
Table 115. Value chain: Industrial enzymes. 209
Table 116. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Biocatalysts. 211
Table 117. Addressable market size for industrial enzymes. 211
Table 118. Risks and Opportunities in industrial enzymes. 212
Table 119. Global revenues for industrial enzymes, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 213
Table 120. Global revenues for industrial enzymes, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 214
Table 121. Industrial Enzymes Company Profiles. 215
Table 122. Types of biofuel, by generation. 231
Table 123. Comparison of biofuels. 234
Table 124. Classification of biomass feedstock. 235
Table 125. Biorefinery feedstocks. 236
Table 126. Feedstock conversion pathways. 236
Table 127. First-Generation Feedstocks. 236
Table 128. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 239
Table 129. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 240
Table 130. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 240
Table 131. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 242
Table 132. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 245
Table 133. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 246
Table 134. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 247
Table 135. Biodiesel by generation. 249
Table 136. Biodiesel production techniques. 250
Table 137. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions. 251
Table 138. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield. 253
Table 139. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 254
Table 140. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel. 255
Table 141. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 256
Table 142. Commercial development of BtL processes 258
Table 143. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes. 259
Table 144.Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre. 261
Table 145. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010–2037 (M litres/year) 262
Table 146. Biogas and biomethane feedstock 265
Table 147. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants. 271
Table 148. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas. 272
Table 149. Total syngas market by product 273
Table 150. Biosyngas price ranges by application: 274
Table 151. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways. 280
Table 152. Markets and applications for biohydrogen. 282
Table 153. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas. 285
Table 154. Summary of applications of biochar in energy. 290
Table 155. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils. 291
Table 156. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil. 291
Table 157. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels. 293
Table 158. Markets and applications for bio-oil. 293
Table 159. Bio-oil producers. 294
Table 160. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2037 (M litres/year). 297
Table 161. Renewable diesel price ranges 298
Table 162. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel. 299
Table 163. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel. 302
Table 164. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities. 303
Table 165. Global bio-jet fuel consumption, 2019–2037 (million litres/year) 304
Table 166. production cost estimates and projections 308
Table 167. Algae-derived biofuel producers. 309
Table 168. Comparison with biological pathways 311
Table 169. Power-to-liquids and e-fuels Companies 311
Table 170. Key players in biofuels. 313
Table 171. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biofuels. 314
Table 172. Biofuels Regulations. 315
Table 173. Value chain: Biofuels. 316
Table 174. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Biofuels. 318
Table 175. Addressable market size, billions USD 320
Table 176. Risks and Opportunities in biofuels 320
Table 177. Global revenues for biofuels, by type (2020-2037), billions USD. 321
Table 178. Global Revenues for Biofuels, by Applications Market (2020-2037), billions USD. 322
Table 179. Global revenues for biofuels, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 323
Table 180. Biofuels Company Profiles. 325
Table 181. Types of bioplastics: 363
Table 182. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 365
Table 183. Types of PHAs and properties. 368
Table 184. Commercially available PHAs. 369
Table 185. Markets and applications for PHAs. 370
Table 186. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and 372
Table 187. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, 373
Table 188. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities 374
Table 189. Key players in Bioplastics. 378
Table 190. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Bioplastics. 379
Table 191. Bioplastics Market Restraints and counter-trends 380
Table 192. Bioplastics Regulations. 380
Table 193. Value chain: Bioplastics. 381
Table 194. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Bioplastics. 383
Table 195. Addressable market size for Bioplastics (Values in billions USD) 385
Table 196. Risks and Opportunities in Bioplastics. 385
Table 197. Global revenues for bioplastics, by type (2020-2037), billions USD. 386
Table 198. Global revenues for bioplastics, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 387
Table 199. Global revenues for bioplastics, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 388
Table 200. Bioplastics Company Profiles. 390
Table 201. Types of biochemicals. 463
Table 202. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 464
Table 203. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 465
Table 204. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 466
Table 205. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid. 469
Table 206. Applications of succinic acid. 470
Table 207. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid. 470
Table 208. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid. 471
Table 209. Feedstock Sources for Citric Acid Production. 471
Table 210. Applications of Citric Acid. 471
Table 211. Feedstock Sources for Acetic Acid Production. 472
Table 212. Applications of Acetic Acid. 472
Table 213. Feedstock Sources for Acetic Acid Production. 473
Table 214. Applications of Acetic Acid. 473
Table 215. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals. 474
Table 216. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals. 474
Table 217. Feedstock Sources for Threonine Production. 475
Table 218. Applications of Threonine. 475
Table 219. Feedstock Sources for Methionine Production. 475
Table 220. Applications of Methionine. 476
Table 221. Vitamins Produced Using Biotechnology. 476
Table 222. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol. 481
Table 223. Applications of bio-based ethanol. 481
Table 224. Feedstock Sources for Butanol Production. 482
Table 225. Applications of Butanol. 482
Table 226. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol. 482
Table 227. Applications of bio-based isobutanol. 483
Table 228. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO). 483
Table 229. Types of Biosurfactants. 484
Table 230. Feedstock Sources for Biosurfactant Production 484
Table 231. Applications of Biosurfactants 484
Table 232. Rhamnolipid Production and Application Characteristics. 485
Table 233. Sophorolipid Types and Application Properties. 487
Table 234. Mannosylerythritol Lipid Variants and Properties. 488
Table 235. Cellobiose Lipid Development and Applications. 488
Table 236. Designer Biosurfactant Engineering Strategies 490
Table 237. Feedstock Sources for APG Production 490
Table 238. Applications of Alkyl Polyglucosides (APGs) 490
Table 239. Feedstock Sources for Ethyl Lactate Production. 491
Table 240. Applications of Ethyl Lactate. 491
Table 241. Feedstock Sources for Dimethyl Carbonate Production 491
Table 242. Applications of Dimethyl Carbonate 492
Table 243. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol. 492
Table 244. Bio-manufactured Fragrances and Aromatics. 496
Table 245. Biotech-derived Fragrance Precursors. 497
Table 246. Bio-manufactured Enhancers. 499
Table 247. Feedstock Sources for Succinic Acid Production 502
Table 248. Applications of Succinic Acid. 502
Table 249. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO). 502
Table 250. Bio-BDO producers. 503
Table 251. Feedstock Sources for Isoprene Production. 504
Table 252. Applications of Isoprene. 504
Table 253. Applications of bio-based ethylene. 505
Table 254. Applications of bio-based propylene. 505
Table 255. Applications of bio-based adipic acid. 506
Table 256. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid. 507
Table 257. Applications of sebacic acid 508
Table 258. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 510
Table 259. Leading PBS producers and production capacities. 510
Table 260. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 511
Table 261. FDCA and PEF producers. 512
Table 262. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and 513
Table 263. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers. 514
Table 264. Types of Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs). 516
Table 265. Types of Biofiber-Reinforced Plastics. 517
Table 266. Types of Polymer Blends with Bio-based Components. 519
Table 267. Hyaluronic Acid Production Parameters and Applications 520
Table 268. SqualeneSqualane Production Methods and Characteristics. 521
Table 269. Collagen Production Systems and Applications. 522
Table 270. Bio-based UV Filter Compounds and Characteristics. 523
Table 271. Melanin Production and Application Parameters. 524
Table 272. Bio-manufactured Emollient Categories and Properties. 525
Table 273. Mineral source products and applications. 531
Table 274. Cement alternatives from biomanufacturing 534
Table 275. Precision Fermentation Products. 535
Table 276. Key players in Biochemicals. 536
Table 277. Bio-manufactured Beauty Ingredient Production Capacities 539
Table 278. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Biochemicals. 541
Table 279. Trends and Drivers in Biotechnology. 542
Table 280. Government Support of Biotechnology. 543
Table 281. Biochemicals Regulations. 546
Table 282. Value chain: Biochemicals. 547
Table 283. Economic Viability Assessment Framework. 549
Table 284. Feedstock Price Impact Analysis for Biotechnology Production. 550
Table 285. Scale-up Cost Impact Analysis. 551
Table 286. Addressable market size for Biochemicals. 553
Table 287. Risks and Opportunities in Biochemicals. 554
Table 288. Market Challenge Assessment and Mitigation Strategies. 555
Table 289. Technical Challenge Assessment and Solutions. 556
Table 290. Global revenues for biochemicals, by type (2020-2037), billions USD. 556
Table 291. Global revenues for biochemicals, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 557
Table 292. Global revenues for biochemicals, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 558
Table 293. Biochemicals Company Profiles. 560
Table 294. Bio-agritech categories. 579
Table 295. Biopesticides: Pros and Cons. 580
Table 296. Semiochemicals: Advantages and Disadvantages. 581
Table 297. Macrobial biological control agents 582
Table 298. Biological Pest Control: Advantages and Disadvantages. 582
Table 299. Global regulations on biopesticides. 583
Table 300. Main types of microbial pesticides. 584
Table 301. Main types of biochemical pesticides. 585
Table 302. Main types of biofertilizers. 586
Table 303. Types of Microbial Biostimulants. 591
Table 304. Main types of non-microbial biostimulants. 595
Table 305. Types of Agricultural Enzymes 596
Table 306. Key players in Bio Agritech. 599
Table 307. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Bio Agritech 600
Table 308. Bio Agritech Regulations. 601
Table 309. Value chain: Bio Agritech. 602
Table 310. Addressable market size for Bio Agritech. 603
Table 311. Risks and Opportunities in Bio Agritech. 604
Table 312. Global revenues for Bio Agritech products, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 604
Table 313. Global revenues for Bio Agritech products, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 606
Table 314. Bio agritech Company Profiles. 607
List of Figures
Figure 1. CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing. 124
Figure 2. Genetic Circuit-Assisted Smart Microbial Engineering. 127
Figure 3. Cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis systems. 129
Figure 4. Microbial Chassis Development for Natural Product Biosynthesis. 130
Figure 5. The design-make-test-learn loop of generative biology. 134
Figure 6. Global revenues for biopharmaceuticals, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 154
Figure 7. Global revenues for biopharmaceuticals, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 155
Figure 8. Global revenues for industrial enzymes, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 213
Figure 9. Global revenues for industrial enzymes, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 214
Figure 10. Flow chart for biodiesel production. 254
Figure 11. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 264
Figure 12. Overview of biogas utilization. 266
Figure 13. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 268
Figure 14. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production. 269
Figure 15. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production. 270
Figure 16. Properties of petrol and biobutanol. 275
Figure 17. Biobutanol production route. 275
Figure 18. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks. 285
Figure 19. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading. 286
Figure 20. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation. 287
Figure 21. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process. 287
Figure 22. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques. 293
Figure 23. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel. 301
Figure 24. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels. 305
Figure 25. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels. 306
Figure 26. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production. 307
Figure 27. Global revenues for biofuels, by type (2020-2037), billions USD. 322
Figure 28. Global Revenues for Biofuels, by Applications Market (2020-2037), billions USD. 323
Figure 29. Global revenues for biofuels, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 324
Figure 30. PHA family. 368
Figure 31. Global revenues for bioplastics, by type (2020-2037), billions USD. 387
Figure 32. Global revenues for bioplastics, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 388
Figure 33. lobal revenues for bioplastics, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 389
Figure 34. Schematic of biorefinery processes. 467
Figure 35. Production capacities of PEF and FDCA 512
Figure 36. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Biochemicals. 553
Figure 37. Global revenues for biochemicals, by type (2020-2037), billions USD. 557
Figure 38. Global revenues for biochemicals, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 558
Figure 39. Global revenues for biochemicals, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 559
Figure 40. Global revenues for Bio Agritech products, by applications market (2020-2037), billions USD. 605
Figure 41. Global revenues for Bio Agritech products, by regional market (2020-2037), billions USD. 606
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