The Global Micro and Nanocellulose Market
報告摘要
The global market for micro- and nanocellulose represents one of the most strategically significant emerging advanced materials sectors of the twenty-first century. Derived from the world's most abundant natural polymer, cellulose nanofibers and nanocrystals combine exceptional mechanical performance — tensile strengths comparable to or exceeding steel on a weight-for-weight basis — with complete bio-based origin, biodegradability, renewability, and a versatile surface chemistry that enables functionalisation for an extraordinary range of industrial applications.
The market encompasses four principal material categories: Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC), produced by high-energy mechanical fibrillation of wood pulp or agricultural fibres; Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF), nanoscale fibrous materials produced through mechanical, chemical, or enzymatic pre-treatment; Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC), rod-like crystalline particles extracted by controlled acid hydrolysis; and Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC), produced through microbial fermentation and notable for its extraordinary purity and three-dimensional nanofibril network structure.
Paper and board packaging is the single largest end-use by volume, with CNF functioning as a strength enhancer, weight-reduction enabler, and bio-based barrier coating. Biomedicine and healthcare follows in revenue terms, encompassing wound dressings, drug delivery matrices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Hygiene and sanitary products represent the fastest-growing sector by revenue, driven by Japan's advanced commercial ecosystem for CNF-enhanced adult incontinence and diaper products, and expanding globally as EU regulatory requirements on bio-content in disposable hygiene products tighten.
Japan is the world's most commercially advanced nanocellulose market, with a unique government-industry coordination model that has produced commercial products across automotive, footwear, electronics, cosmetics, food, and packaging applications. Major Japanese paper companies — Nippon Paper Industries, Oji Holdings, Daio Paper, Chuetsu Pulp and Paper — have made significant capital investments in CNF production, and their CNF composite resins are entering mainstream automotive supply chains. Europe leads in MFC for paper, packaging, and sustainable textiles, while North America is growing in composites, filtration, and defence-adjacent applications. Emerging market producers in Brazil, New Zealand, India, and Turkey are diversifying the global feedstock and production base, with novel feedstocks including seaweed, coffee grounds, cow dung, and agricultural residues gaining commercial traction. The overall trajectory is of a market transitioning from specialist pilot-scale supply to genuine industrial-scale materials platforms across the 2025–2036 forecast period.
The Global Market for Micro- and Nanocellulose 2026–2035 provides the most detailed analysis available of the global market for micro- and nanocellulose, covering all material types, production technologies, end-use applications, regional markets, and company profiles. Drawing on primary research interviews with producers and end-users and an extensive review of commercial and academic developments, the report delivers quantitative market data from 2018 through 2035 (updated to 2036 in this edition), and qualitative analysis of the strategic, technological, and regulatory forces shaping the industry's future.
Report Contents:
Introduction and material definitions covering the classification and structural characteristics of all micro- and nanocellulose types: Microcellulose (MC), Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC), Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF), Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC), and Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
Feedstock analysis covering all commercial and emerging cellulose sources: wood (Norway Spruce, eucalyptus, softwood); cotton, kapok, and luffa; bast fibres (jute, hemp, flax, ramie, kenaf); leaf fibres (sisal, abaca); fruit fibres (coir, banana, pineapple); stalk fibres (rice, corn); cane, grass, and reed (switchgrass, sugarcane, bamboo); regenerated cellulose; and novel feedstocks including seaweed, coffee grounds, cow dung, and tea leaf waste
Production technologies and innovations including raw material sourcing, manufacturing processes (mechanical, chemical, enzymatic, emerging methods), process scale-up and commercialisation challenges, and production economics with detailed cost structure analysis
Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) — full market analysis including production capacities by producer, global demand and revenue forecasts (2018–2036) by market segment (paper and packaging, textiles, personal care, paints and coatings, other), market supply chain analysis, pricing and cost analysis, SWOT analysis, end-use market sections for paperboard and packaging, textiles, personal care, and paints and coatings with demand/revenue/regional data tables, and 61 detailed company profiles
Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) — comprehensive coverage of production methods and synthesis technologies (acid hydrolysis, TEMPO oxidation, ammonium persulfate oxidation, enzymatic hydrolysis, ball milling, high-pressure homogenisation, and recent methods), production capacities, pricing, commercial product catalogue, SWOT analysis, and end-use market sections with demand/revenue/regional data tables for: Composites, Automotive, Buildings and Construction, Paper and Board Packaging, Textiles and Apparel, Biomedicine and Healthcare, Hygiene and Sanitary Products, Paints and Coatings, Aerogels, Oil and Gas, Filtration, Rheology Modifiers, Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP), Electronics and E-Textiles, Food and Beverage, and Other Markets, together with 132 detailed company profiles
Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) — introduction, synthesis, properties, production, pricing, SWOT analysis, applications, production capacities, global demand by market, and 22 detailed company profiles
Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) — overview, production, pricing, SWOT analysis, applications across biomedical, electronics, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paper and composites, filtration, acoustics, and textiles, markets, and 24 detailed company profiles
Quantitative market data throughout, presented as tables and charts covering global demand in metric tons, revenues in millions USD, and revenue breakdowns by region (North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Rest of World), for the period 2018–2036
Regional analysis covering Japan, North America, Europe, and emerging markets for each material type and end-use segment
Production capacity tables with process method, country, and tonnage data for all major global producers of MFC, CNF, and CNC
Regulatory landscape covering EU Single-Use Plastics Directive, Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation, Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, REACH nanomaterial provisions, FDA GRAS pathways, USDA BioPreferred certification, and key international nanocellulose standards (ISO TC229, CEN/TC460, TAPPI)
Novel and non-wood feedstocks section covering seaweed/macroalgae, coffee ground-derived holocellulose nanofibers, cow dung, tea leaf waste, food and agricultural waste as BNC substrates, coconut water, cotton regional varieties, Miscanthus silver grass, and hemp hurd
The report profiles the following companies across its MFC, CNF, CNC, and BNC chapters: Adsorbi, AgriSea, Aichemist Metal Inc., Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials LLC, Anantia, Anomera Inc., ANPOLY Inc., Asahi Kasei Corporation, Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation, Azolla, Azul Energy, Beijing Ding Sheng Xiong Di Technology Co. Ltd., Betulium Oy, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Birla Cellulose, BioSmart Nano, Biotecam, Bioweg GmbH, BlockTexx Pty Ltd., Blue BioFuels Inc., Borregaard ChemCell, Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o., Bucha Bio Inc., Cass Materials Pty Ltd., CD Bioparticles, Ceapro Inc., CELLiCON B.V., CelluDot LLC, Cellucomp Ltd., Celluforce Inc., Cellugy, Cellulose Lab, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Centre Technique du Papier (CTP), CH Bioforce, Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Chuetsu Pulp and Paper Co. Ltd., CIRC, Circular Systems, CNNT, CreaFill Fibers Corporation, Daicel Corporation, DaikyoNishikawa Corporation, Daio Paper Corporation, Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd., Daito Kasei Kogyo Co., Denso Corporation, DePuy Synthes, DIC, DKS Co. Ltd., Earth Recycle Co. Ltd., Eastman Chemical Co., Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Elea and Lili Ltd. and more
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目錄 Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 34
1.1 Overview 34
1.2 Key Findings 34
1.3 Market by Cellulose Type 34
1.4 Production Landscape 35
1.5 Production Economics 36
1.6 Key End-Use Markets 36
1.7 Regional Analysis 37
1.8 Competitive Landscape 37
1.9 Outlook and Key Strategic Themes 38
2 INTRODUCTION 42
2.1 Cellulose 42
2.2 Cellulose Micro and Nanoparticles Definitions and Classification 44
2.2.1 Microcellulose (MC) 44
2.2.2 Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) 44
2.2.3 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) 45
2.2.4 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) 45
2.2.5 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 46
2.3 Feedstocks 46
2.3.1 Wood 47
2.3.2 Plant 47
2.3.3 Tunicate 48
2.3.4 Algae 48
2.3.5 Bacteria 49
2.3.6 Novel and Emerging Nanocellulose Feedstocks 49
2.3.6.1 Seaweed and Macroalgae 51
2.3.6.2 Holocellulose Nanofibers (HCNF) from Coffee Grounds 51
2.3.6.3 Cow Dung 52
2.3.6.4 Tea Leaf Waste 52
2.3.6.5 Food and Agricultural Waste as BNC Fermentation Substrates 53
2.3.6.6 Coconut Water (Nata de Coco / BNC) 53
2.3.6.7 Cotton Agricultural Residues and Regional Cotton Varieties 54
2.3.6.8 Miscanthus (Silver Grass) 54
2.3.6.9 Hemp Hurd 55
2.4 Regenerated cellulose fibers 56
2.5 Ionic liquids 57
2.6 “Nano” Cellulose (CNF, CNC, BNC) 57
2.7 Cellulose filaments 58
3 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS 59
3.1 Raw Material Sources 59
3.2 Manufacturing Processes 62
3.3 Emerging Production Technologies 66
3.4 Process Scale-Up and Commercialization Challenges 73
3.5 Production Economics of Micro/Nanocellulose 77
4 MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Applications 81
4.3 Production capacities 85
4.4 Global market demand 2018-2036 85
4.4.1 By market, tons 85
4.4.2 By market, revenues 87
4.5 Market supply chain 88
4.6 Price and Costs Analysis 89
4.7 SWOT analysis 90
4.8 Products 91
4.9 Future Outlook 92
4.10 Risks and Opportunities 93
4.11 End use markets 94
4.11.1 Paperboard and packaging 94
4.11.1.1 Market overview 94
4.11.1.2 Global market 2018-2036 94
4.11.1.2.1 Tons 94
4.11.1.2.2 Revenues 95
4.11.1.2.3 By Region 95
4.11.2 Textiles 96
4.11.2.1 Market overview 96
4.11.2.2 Global market 2018-2036 97
4.11.2.2.1 Tons 97
4.11.2.2.2 Revenues 98
4.11.2.2.3 By Region 98
4.11.3 Personal care 99
4.11.3.1 Market overview 99
4.11.3.2 Global market 2018-2036 100
4.11.3.2.1 Tons 100
4.11.3.2.2 Revenues 100
4.11.3.2.3 By Region 101
4.11.4 Paints and coatings 102
4.11.4.1 Market overview 102
4.11.4.2 Global market 2018-2036 102
4.11.4.2.1 Tons 102
4.11.4.2.2 Revenues 103
4.11.4.2.3 By Region 104
4.11.5 Other markets 104
4.12 Company profiles 105 (61 company profiles)
5 CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS 157
5.1 Advantages of cellulose nanofibers 157
5.2 Pre-treatment and Synthesis methods 158
5.2.1 Acid hydrolysis 162
5.2.2 TEMPO oxidation 162
5.2.3 Ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation 162
5.2.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 162
5.2.5 Ball milling 163
5.2.6 Cryocrushing 163
5.2.7 High-shear grinding 163
5.2.8 Ultrasonication 163
5.2.9 High-pressure homogenization 164
5.2.10 Recent methods 164
5.2.10.1 Microwave irradiation 164
5.2.10.2 Enzymatic processing 164
5.2.10.3 Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) 165
5.2.10.4 Pulsed electric field 166
5.2.10.5 Electron beam irradiation 166
5.3 Production method, by producer 167
5.4 Applications 168
5.5 SWOT analysis 173
5.6 Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) production capacities 2024 174
5.7 Pricing 175
5.8 Commercial CNF products 177
5.9 End use markets for cellulose nanofibers 185
5.9.1 Composites 186
5.9.1.1 Market overview 186
5.9.1.2 Markets and applications 189
5.9.1.2.1 Automotive composites 190
5.9.1.2.2 Biocomposite films & packaging 190
5.9.1.2.3 Barrier packaging 190
5.9.1.2.4 Thermal insulation composites 191
5.9.1.2.5 Construction composites 191
5.9.1.3 Global market 2018-2036 191
5.9.1.3.1 Tons 191
5.9.1.3.2 Revenues 192
5.9.1.3.3 By Region 193
5.9.1.4 Product developers 194
5.9.2 Automotive 197
5.9.2.1 Market overview 197
5.9.2.2 Markets and applications 199
5.9.2.2.1 Composites 199
5.9.2.2.2 Air intake components 204
5.9.2.2.3 Tires 204
5.9.2.3 Global market 2018-2036 205
5.9.2.3.1 Tons 205
5.9.2.3.2 Revenues 206
5.9.2.3.3 By Region 207
5.9.2.4 Product developers 208
5.9.3 Buildings and construction 211
5.9.3.1 Market overview 211
5.9.3.2 Markets and applications 213
5.9.3.2.1 Sandwich composites 213
5.9.3.2.2 Cement additives 214
5.9.3.2.3 Pump primers 214
5.9.3.2.4 Thermal insulation and damping 214
5.9.3.3 Global market 2018-2036 215
5.9.3.3.1 Tons 215
5.9.3.3.2 Revenues 216
5.9.3.3.3 By region 217
5.9.3.4 Product developers 218
5.9.4 Paper and board packaging 219
5.9.4.1 Market overview 219
5.9.4.2 Markets and applications 223
5.9.4.2.1 Reinforcement and barrier 224
5.9.4.2.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films 224
5.9.4.2.3 Paperboard coatings 224
5.9.4.3 Global market 2018-2036 225
5.9.4.3.1 Tons 225
5.9.4.3.2 Revenues 226
5.9.4.3.3 By region 227
5.9.4.4 Product developers 228
5.9.5 Textiles and apparel 229
5.9.5.1 Market overview 229
5.9.5.2 Markets and applications 232
5.9.5.2.1 CNF deodorizer and odour reducer (antimicrobial) in adult and child diapers 232
5.9.5.2.2 Footwear 232
5.9.5.3 Global market 2018-2036 233
5.9.5.3.1 Tons 233
5.9.5.3.2 Revenues 234
5.9.5.3.3 By region 235
5.9.5.4 Product developer profiles 236
5.9.6 Biomedicine and healthcare 238
5.9.6.1 Market overview 238
5.9.6.2 Markets and applications 242
5.9.6.2.1 Wound dressings 242
5.9.6.2.2 Drug delivery stabilizers 243
5.9.6.2.3 Tissue engineering scaffolds 243
5.9.6.3 Global market 2018-2036 243
5.9.6.3.1 Tons 243
5.9.6.3.2 Revenues 244
5.9.6.3.3 By region 245
5.9.6.4 Product developers 246
5.9.7 Hygiene and sanitary products 249
5.9.7.1 Market overview 249
5.9.7.2 Markets and applications 249
5.9.7.3 Global market 2018-2036 250
5.9.7.3.1 Tons 250
5.9.7.3.2 Revenues 251
5.9.7.3.3 By region 252
5.9.7.4 Product developers 253
5.9.8 Paints and coatings 254
5.9.8.1 Market overview 254
5.9.8.2 Markets and applications 256
5.9.8.3 Global market 2018-2036 257
5.9.8.3.1 Tons 257
5.9.8.3.2 Revenues 258
5.9.8.3.3 By region 259
5.9.8.4 Product developers 260
5.9.9 Aerogels 262
5.9.9.1 Market overview 262
5.9.9.2 Markets and applications 263
5.9.9.3 Global market 2018-2036 264
5.9.9.3.1 Tons 264
5.9.9.3.2 Revenues 265
5.9.9.3.3 By region 266
5.9.9.4 Product developers 267
5.9.10 Oil and gas 269
5.9.10.1 Market overview 269
5.9.10.2 Markets and applications 270
5.9.10.2.1 Oil recovery applications (fracturing fluid) 271
5.9.10.2.2 CNF Membranes for separation 271
5.9.10.2.3 Oil and gas fluids additives 271
5.9.10.3 Global market 2018-2036 272
5.9.10.3.1 Tons 272
5.9.10.3.2 Revenues 273
5.9.10.3.3 By region 274
5.9.10.4 Product developers 275
5.9.11 Filtration 276
5.9.11.1 Market overview 276
5.9.11.2 Markets and applications 279
5.9.11.2.1 Membranes for selective absorption 279
5.9.11.3 Global market 2018-2036 280
5.9.11.3.1 Tons 280
5.9.11.3.2 Revenues 281
5.9.11.3.3 By region 282
5.9.11.4 Product developers 283
5.9.12 Rheology modifiers 285
5.9.12.1 Market overview 285
5.9.12.2 Markets and applications 287
5.9.12.2.1 Food additives 287
5.9.12.2.2 Pickering stabilizers 287
5.9.12.2.3 Hydrogels 288
5.9.12.2.4 Cosmetics and skincare 288
5.9.12.3 Global market 2018-2036 289
5.9.12.3.1 Tons 289
5.9.12.3.2 Revenues 290
5.9.12.3.3 By region 291
5.9.12.4 Product developers 292
5.9.13 Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) 294
5.9.13.1 Market Overview 294
5.9.13.2 Markets and Applications 295
5.9.13.2.1 Infant Diapers 295
5.9.13.2.2 Adult Incontinence 295
5.9.13.2.3 Feminine Hygiene 295
5.9.13.2.4 Agricultural Water Retention 295
5.9.13.2.5 Medical Wound Dressings 295
5.9.13.3 Global Market 2024–2036 296
5.9.13.4 Product Developers 297
5.9.14 Electronics and E-Textiles 298
5.9.14.1 Market Overview 298
5.9.14.2 Markets and Applications 299
5.9.14.2.1 Acoustic Transducers (Speakers and Headphones) 299
5.9.14.2.2 Flexible Electronic Substrates 299
5.9.14.2.3 Foldable Antennas and Printed Electronics 299
5.9.14.2.4 Semiconductor Packaging Substrates 299
5.9.14.2.5 Satellite Structural Components 299
5.9.14.3 Global Market 2024–2036 300
5.9.14.4 Product Developers 300
5.9.15 Food and Beverage 301
5.9.15.1 Market Overview 301
5.9.15.2 Global Market 2024–2036 302
5.9.15.3 Regulatory Timeline 303
5.9.16 Other markets 304
5.9.16.1 3D printing 304
5.9.16.1.1 Market assessment 304
5.9.16.1.2 Product developers 305
5.9.16.2 Aerospace 305
5.9.16.2.1 Market assessment 305
5.9.16.2.2 Product developers 306
5.9.16.3 Batteries 306
5.9.16.3.1 Market assessment 306
5.10 Cellulose nanofiber company profiles 308 (132 company profiles)
6 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS 463
6.1 Introduction 463
6.2 Synthesis 463
6.3 Properties 465
6.4 Production 466
6.5 Pricing 467
6.6 SWOT analysis 468
6.7 Applications 468
6.8 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production capacities 474
6.9 Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market 474
6.10 Cellulose nanocrystal company profiles 477 (22 company profiles)
7 BACTERIAL NANOCELLULOSE (BNC) 507
7.1 Overview 507
7.2 Production 507
7.3 Pricing 510
7.4 SWOT analysis 510
7.5 Applications 511
7.6 Markets 513
7.6.1 Biomedical 513
7.6.2 Electronics 513
7.6.3 Food industry 514
7.6.4 Pharmaceuticals 514
7.6.5 Cosmetics and personal care 514
7.6.6 Paper and composites 515
7.6.7 Filtration membranes 515
7.6.8 Acoustics 516
7.6.9 Textiles 516
7.7 Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) company profiles 517 (24 company profiles)
8 GLOBAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 535
8.1 Overview 535
8.2 European Union 535
8.2.1 Key EU Regulatory Development: Nanocellulose and REACH 536
8.3 United States 537
8.3.1 Critical US Regulatory Update: FDA CNF Food Petition 538
8.4 Japan 538
8.5 Standards Development 539
9 RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 540
9.1 Report scope 540
9.2 Research methodology 540
10 REFERENCES 541
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. Global MFC Market Summary, 2025–2036 34
Table 2. Total CNF Demand Across All End-Use Markets, 2025–2036 (metric tons) 34
Table 3. Selected MFC Production Capacities by Producer (latest data) 35
Table 4. MFC Cost Structure 36
Table 5. Current MFC Pricing (2025 Reference) 36
Table 6. MFC Market by Region, 2025 vs. 2036 (M USD) 37
Table 7. MFC, CNF, CNC and BNC Production Capacities by Producer 38
Table 8. Length and diameter of nanocellulose types and MFC. 43
Table 9. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae. 48
Table 10. Novel and Emerging Nanocellulose Feedstocks (2025–2026 Commercial Activity) 49
Table 11. Recycled cellulose fibers companies. 56
Table 12. Raw material sources. 60
Table 13. Manufacturing processes for micro and nanocellulose. 63
Table 14. Emerging Production Technologies for Micro/Nanocellulose 67
Table 15. Process Scale-Up and Commercialization Challenges 74
Table 16. Production Economics of Micro/Nanocellulose 77
Table 17. Applications of Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC)- Industry Sector, Application, Functional Properties, Commercial Status and Key Benefits. 81
Table 18. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons. 85
Table 19. Global market demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2036 (tons). 85
Table 20. Global Market Revenues for MFC, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 87
Table 21. Production costs. 89
Table 22. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products. 91
Table 23. Industry-wise Outlook. 92
Table 24. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 94
Table 25. Global Demand for MFC in Paper & Packaging, 2018–2036 (tons) 94
Table 26. Global Revenues for MFC in Paper & Packaging, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 95
Table 27. MFC Revenues in Paper & Packaging, by Region, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 96
Table 28. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 96
Table 29. Global Demand for MFC in Textiles, 2018–2036 (tons) 97
Table 30. Global Revenues for MFC in Textiles, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 98
Table 31. MFC Revenues in Textiles, by Region, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 98
Table 32. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in personal care-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 99
Table 33. Global Demand for MFC in Personal Care, 2018–2036 (tons) 100
Table 34. Global Revenues for MFC in Personal Care, 2018–2036 (millions USD). 100
Table 35. MFC Revenues in Personal Care, by Region, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 101
Table 36. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 102
Table 37. Global Demand for MFC in Paints & Coatings, 2018–2036 (tons) 102
Table 38. Global Revenues for MFC in Paints & Coatings, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 103
Table 39. MFC Revenues in Paints & Coatings, by Region, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 104
Table 40. Other markets for Microfibrillated Cellulose. 104
Table 41. Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials. 157
Table 42. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials. 159
Table 43. Extraction of nanocellulose (NC) from various lignocellulosic sources using different conventional technologies. 160
Table 44. CNF and CNC production method by producer. 167
Table 45. Applications of Cellulose Nanofibers-Industry Sector, Application, Functional Properties, Commercial Status and Key Benefits. 168
Table 46. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons. 174
Table 47. Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanofiber producers. 175
Table 48. Cellulose nanofiber-based commercial products. 177
Table 49. Global CNF Revenues — All End-Use Markets, 2025–2036 (Millions USD) 185
Table 50. Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials. 186
Table 51. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in composites-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global composites OEMs. 186
Table 52. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in composites. 190
Table 53. Global Market Demand for Cellulose Nanofibers in Composites, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 191
Table 54. Revenues for Cellulose Nanofibers in Composites, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 192
Table 55. Revenues for Cellulose Nanofibers in Composites, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 193
Table 56. Regional Share of CNF Composites Revenues, Selected Years 194
Table 57. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in composites. 194
Table 58. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in automotive-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global automotive OEMs. 197
Table 59. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in automotive. 199
Table 60. Components featured in the NCV. 200
Table 61. Global Market Demand for CNF in the Automotive Sector, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 205
Table 62. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Automotive Sector, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 206
Table 63. Market Revenues for CNF in the Automotive Sector, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 207
Table 64. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in the automotive industry. 208
Table 65. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global construction OEMs 211
Table 66. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in building and construction. 213
Table 67. Market Demand for CNF in Building and Construction, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 215
Table 68. Global Market Revenues for CNF in Building and Construction, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 216
Table 69. Market Revenues for CNF in Building and Construction, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 217
Table 70. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in building and construction. 218
Table 71. Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum-based materials and other polymers. 219
Table 72. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paper and board packaging OEMs. 219
Table 73. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging. 223
Table 74. Global Demand for CNF in the Paper & Board Packaging Market, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 225
Table 75. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Paper & Board Packaging Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 226
Table 76. Market Revenues for CNF in the Paper & Board Packaging Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 227
Table 77. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paper and board. 228
Table 78. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global textiles and apparel OEMs. 229
Table 79. Demand for CNF in Textiles, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 233
Table 80. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Textiles & Apparel Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 234
Table 81. Market Revenues for CNF in the Textiles & Apparel Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 235
Table 82. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in textiles and apparel. 236
Table 83. Market assessment for nanocellulose in medicine and healthcare-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global medicine and healthcare OEMs. 238
Table 84. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in biomedicine and healthcare. 242
Table 85. Global Demand for CNF in Biomedical and Healthcare, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 243
Table 86. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Biomedicine & Healthcare Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 244
Table 87. Market Revenues for CNF in the Biomedicine & Healthcare Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 245
Table 88. Nanocellulose product developers in medicine and healthcare. 246
Table 89. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products. 249
Table 90. Global Demand for CNF in Hygiene and Sanitary Products, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 250
Table 91. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Hygiene & Sanitary Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 251
Table 92. Market Revenues for CNF in the Hygiene & Sanitary Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 252
Table 93. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in hygiene and sanitary products. 253
Table 94. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs. 254
Table 95. Market and applications of cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 256
Table 96. Global Demand for CNF in Paints and Coatings, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 257
Table 97. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Paints & Coatings Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 258
Table 98. Market Revenues for CNF in the Paints & Coatings Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 259
Table 99. Companies developing nanocellulose products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. 260
Table 100. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global aerogels OEMs. 262
Table 101. Markets and applications for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels. 263
Table 102. Global Demand for CNF in Aerogels, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 264
Table 103. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Aerogels Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 265
Table 104. Market Revenues for CNF in the Aerogels Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 266
Table 105. Nanocellulose in product developers in aerogels. 267
Table 106. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global oil and gas OEMs. 269
Table 107. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas. 270
Table 108. Global Demand for CNF in the Oil and Gas Market, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 272
Table 109. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Oil & Gas Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 273
Table 110. Market Revenues for CNF in the Oil & Gas Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 274
Table 111. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in oil and gas exploration. 275
Table 112. CNF membranes. 276
Table 113. Market assessment for Cellulose nanofibers in filtration-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global filtration OEMs. 277
Table 114. Market and applications of Cellulose nanofibers in filtration. 279
Table 115. Global Demand for CNF in the Filtration Market, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 280
Table 116. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Filtration Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 281
Table 117. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, by region, 2018-2036 (millions USD). 282
Table 118. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in filtration. 283
Table 119. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global rheology modifier OEMs. 285
Table 120. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 287
Table 121. Global Demand for CNF in the Rheology Modifiers Market, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 289
Table 122. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Rheology Modifiers Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 290
Table 123. Market Revenues for CNF in the Rheology Modifiers Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 291
Table 124. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 292
Table 125. Market Assessment for Nanocellulose in Superabsorbent Polymers 294
Table 126. Global Demand for Nanocellulose in Superabsorbent Polymer Applications, 2024–2036 (metric tons) 296
Table 127. Nanocellulose in SAP: Revenue by Region, 2026–2036 (M USD) 296
Table 128. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in SAPs. 297
Table 129. Market Assessment for CNF in Electronics and E-Textiles 298
Table 130. Global Demand for CNF in Electronics and E-Textiles, 2024–2036 (metric tons) 300
Table 131. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in Electronics and E-Textiles 300
Table 132. Market Overview for CNF/MFC in Food and Beverage 301
Table 133. Global Demand for CNF/MFC in Food and Beverage, 2024–2036 (metric tons) 302
Table 134. Regulatory Timeline Table 303
Table 135. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D priniting-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global 3D printing OEMs. 304
Table 136. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers 3D printing products. 305
Table 137. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerospace-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading. 305
Table 138: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in aircraft and aerospace. 306
Table 139. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in Batteries-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks. 306
Table 140: Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 354
Table 141. Nippon Paper commercial CNF products. 397
Table 142. Oji Holdings CNF products. 409
Table 143. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). 464
Table 144. CNC sources, size and yield. 464
Table 145. CNC properties. 465
Table 146. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials. 466
Table 147. Production methods for cellulose nanocrystals. 466
Table 148. Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanocrystal producers. 467
Table 149. Applications of Cellulose Nanofibers-Industry Sector, Application, Functional Properties, Commercial Status and Key Benefits. 469
Table 150: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons. 474
Table 151. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2036 (metric tons). 474
Table 152. Overview of CNC producers. 477
Table 153. Production methods for bacterial nanocellulose. 508
Table 154: Product/price/application matrix of bacterial nanocellulose producers. 510
Table 155. Applications of Cellulose Nanofibers-Industry Sector, Application, Functional Properties, Commercial Status and Key Benefits. 511
Table 156. Fibnano properties. 528
Table 157. Key EU Regulatory Frameworks Affecting Nanocellulose Markets 535
Table 158. Key US Regulatory Frameworks Affecting Nanocellulose Markets 537
Table 159. Key Japanese Regulatory Frameworks 538
Table 160. Key International Standards for Nanocellulose 539
List of Figures
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit. 43
Figure 2. Scale of cellulose materials. 44
Figure 3. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils. 45
Figure 4. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms. 47
Figure 5. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC. 48
Figure 18. SEM image of microfibrillated cellulose. 81
Figure 19. Global market demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2036 (tons). 86
Figure 20. Global market revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2036 (millions USD). 88
Figure 21. Supply chain for the Microfibrillated Cellulose market. 89
Figure 22. SWOT analysis: Microfibrillated Cellulose market. 91
Figure 26. Global Demand for MFC in Textiles, 2018–2036 (tons) 97
Figure 35. Pressurized Hot Water Extraction. 111
Figure 36. Celish. 115
Figure 37. BELLOCEA™ 116
Figure 38. Photograph (a) and micrograph (b) of mineral/ MFC composite showing the high viscosity and fibrillar structure. 121
Figure 39. Water-repellent cellulose. 122
Figure 40. HeiQ AeoniQ . 124
Figure 41. BioFlex process. 133
Figure 42. A vacuum cleaner part made of cellulose fiber (left) and the assembled vacuum cleaner. 139
Figure 43: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant. 142
Figure 44. 3D printed cellulose shoe. 144
Figure 45. Lyocell process. 145
Figure 46. Thales packaging incorporating Fibrease. 148
Figure 47. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 153
Figure 48. Worn Again products. 155
Figure 50. Production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic treatment (endoglucanases and xylanases) followed by mechanical treatment. 165
Figure 51. EBI pretreatment combined with HPH for CNC production. 166
Figure 52. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanofibers market. 174
Figure 53. Aruba 23. 177
Figure 54. Dorayaki. 177
Figure 55. ENASAVE NEXT. 178
Figure 56. Flat4-KAEDE. 178
Figure 57. GEL-KAYANO™. 179
Figure 58. KAMIDE＋CNF paper container. 179
Figure 59. Hada care acty®. 180
Figure 60. Hiteeth All in One Mouth Gel. 180
Figure 61. HYPERNANO X series. 180
Figure 62. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 181
Figure 63. ONKYO® Scepter SC-3(B) 2-way Speaker System. 181
Figure 64. Pioneer® SE-MONITOR5 Headphones. 181
Figure 65. "Poise" series Super strong deodorant sheet. 182
Figure 66. RUBURI Precursor Lubris for raw concrete pumping. 182
Figure 67. SC-3 (B) speakers. 183
Figure 68. SE-MONITOR5 headphones. 183
Figure 69. "Skin Care Acty" series Adult diapers. 183
Figure 70. Spingle Company sneakers. 183
Figure 71. "SURISURI" Lotion. 184
Figure 72. X9400 series. 184
Figure 73. X Premium Sound Speaker Alps Alpine. 185
Figure 77. CNF mixed PLA (Poly Lactic Acid). 195
Figure 78. CNF resin products. 196
Figure 79. Interior of NCV concept car. 197
Figure 80. Interior of the NCV prototype. 200
Figure 84: Daio Paper's cellulose nanofiber material in doors and hood of race car. 208
Figure 85: CNF composite. 208
Figure 86: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 209
Figure 87. CNF car engine cover developed in Japan Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE) Nano Cellulose Vehicle (NCV) Project. 209
Figure 88. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 211
Figure 95. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel. 232
Figure 96. Asics GEL-KAYANO™ 25 running shoe. 233
Figure 100. CNF deodorant products. 236
Figure 104. Fibnano. 248
Figure 111. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 261
Figure 118. Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 275
Figure 122. Multi-layered cross section of CNF-nw. 283
Figure 126. "SURISURI" products. 293
Figure 131: Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 309
Figure 132. MEDICELLU™. 310
Figure 133: Ashai Kasei CNF production process. 311
Figure 134: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 312
Figure 135: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 312
Figure 136. CNF nonwoven fabric. 313
Figure 137. nanoforest products. 325
Figure 138. Chuetsu Pulp & Paper CNF production process. 326
Figure 139. nanoforest-S. 327
Figure 140. nanoforest-PDP. 327
Figure 141. nanoforest-MB. 328
Figure 142: Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 330
Figure 143. Daio Paper CNF production process. 332
Figure 144. ELLEX products. 333
Figure 145. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 334
Figure 146. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 334
Figure 147. Color CNF. 336
Figure 148. DIC Products CNF production process. 338
Figure 149. DKS Co. Ltd. CNF production process. 340
Figure 150: Rheocrysta spray. 341
Figure 151. DKS CNF products. 341
Figure 152: CNF based on citrus peel. 343
Figure 153. Citrus cellulose nanofiber. 344
Figure 154. Filler Bank CNC products. 346
Figure 155. GREEN CHIP CMF pellets and injection moulded products. 348
Figure 156: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 349
Figure 157: CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 352
Figure 158. Granbio CNF production process. 355
Figure 159: Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 358
Figure 160. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 361
Figure 161: CNF gel. 362
Figure 162: Block nanocellulose material. 363
Figure 163: CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 363
Figure 164. Kami Shoji CNF products. 367
Figure 165. Dual Graft System. 370
Figure 166: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 371
Figure 167. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended). 371
Figure 168: 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side). 372
Figure 169. CNF deodorant. 375
Figure 170. Chitin nanofiber product. 376
Figure 171. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 378
Figure 172. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 380
Figure 173. Cellulomix production process. 381
Figure 174. Nanobase versus conventional products. 382
Figure 175. Uni-ball Signo UMN-307. 382
Figure 176: CNF slurries. 384
Figure 177. Range of CNF products. 384
Figure 178: Nanocell serum product. 389
Figure 179. Vatensel® product 390
Figure 180: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp. 392
Figure 181: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic. 392
Figure 182. Nippon Paper CNF production process. 394
Figure 183: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers. 397
Figure 184. All-resin forceps incorporating CNF. 399
Figure 185. CNF paint product. 401
Figure 186. CNF wet powder. 403
Figure 187. CNF transparent film. 403
Figure 188. Transparent CNF sheets. 404
Figure 189. Oji Paper CNF production process. 405
Figure 190. CNF clear sheets. 407
Figure 191. OJI Holdings and Toyota Robot Canopy. 408
Figure 192. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 410
Figure 193. Fluorene cellulose ® powder. 411
Figure 194. Performance Biofilaments CNF production process. 415
Figure 195. XCNF. 417
Figure 196. CNF insulation flat plates. 419
Figure 197. Seiko PMC CNF production process. 422
Figure 198. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 423
Figure 199. Rubber soles incorporating CNF. 425
Figure 200. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite. 429
Figure 201. Sugino Machine CNF production process. 430
Figure 202. High Pressure Water Jet Process. 431
Figure 203. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension. 431
Figure 204. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 432
Figure 205. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 432
Figure 206. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 433
Figure 207. SVILOSA AD CNC products. 435
Figure 208. Silver / CNF composite dispersions. 440
Figure 209. CNF/nanosilver powder. 440
Figure 210: Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF. 443
Figure 211: CNF resin products. 446
Figure 212. University of Maine CNF production process. 447
Figure 213. UPM-Kymmene CNF production process. 449
Figure 214. FibDex® wound dressing. 450
Figure 215. FibGel hydrogel products. 450
Figure 216. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process. 452
Figure 217: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF. 453
Figure 218. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 456
Figure 219. S-CNF in powder form. 458
Figure 220. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals. 463
Figure 221. CNC preparation. 463
Figure 222. Extracting CNC from trees. 464
Figure 223. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanocrystals market. 468
Figure 224. CNC slurry. 469
Figure 225. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2036 (metric tons). 476
Figure 226. R3TM process technology. 481
Figure 227. Blue Goose CNC Production Process. 481
Figure 228: Celluforce production process. 486
Figure 229: NCCTM Process. 487
Figure 230: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include: 487
Figure 231. Filler Bank CNC products. 489
Figure 232. Melodea CNC barrier coating packaging. 494
Figure 233. Plantrose process. 496
Figure 234. CNC solution. 500
Figure 235. University of Maine CNF production process. 502
Figure 236. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process. 504
Figure 237. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 509
Figure 238. SWOT analysis: Bacterial Nanocellulose market. 511
Figure 239. Jelly-like seaweed-based nanocellulose hydrogel. 518
Figure 240. Cellugy materials. 524
Figure 241: Bacterial cellulose face mask sheet. 525
Figure 242. TransLeather. 530
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