Bio-based Polymers, Monomers and Intermediates: Market

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 43 1.1 What are bioplastics? 44 1.2 Global Plastics Market and Supply 44 1.3 Recycling Polymers 45 1.4 Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers 45 1.5 Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market 47 1.6 Regional Distribution 47 1.7 Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview 49 1.8 Next Generation Bio-based Polymers 51 1.9 Integration with Chemical Recycling 52 1.10 Novel Feedstock Sources 53 1.11 Turning Waste into Bioplastics 55 1.12 Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025 56 1.13 Global Bioplastics Capacity 57 1.13.1 Production capacities 2025 57 1.13.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036 58 1.13.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036 59 1.14 Global Market Forecasts 60 1.15 Environmental Impact and Sustainability 62 1.15.1 Plastics carbon footprint 62 1.15.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint 62 1.15.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics 64 1.15.4 Use of renewables in production 64 1.15.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability 65 1.15.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives 66 1.16 Bio-composites 67 1.16.1 Sustainable packaging 67 1.16.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers 68 1.16.3 Bio-composite manufacturing 69 1.16.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers 69 2 INTRODUCTION 71 2.1 The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle 71 2.2 Types of bioplastics 71 2.2.1 Introduction 72 2.2.2 Polymer Types 72 2.2.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers 73 2.2.2.2 Monosaccharides 74 2.2.2.3 Vegetable Oils 74 2.2.3 Bio-based monomers 75 2.2.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers 76 2.2.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies 77 2.2.4 The Green Premium 77 2.2.5 Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers 78 2.3 Feedstocks 79 2.3.1 Types 79 2.3.2 Prices 81 2.3.3 Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics 81 2.3.4 Food security, land use, and water resources 82 2.4 Chain of custody 82 2.5 Chemical tracers and markers 84 2.6 Bioplastics regulations 85 2.6.1 Overview 85 2.6.2 Extended producer responsibility (EPR) 88 2.6.3 United States 88 2.6.4 Europe 89 2.6.4.1 EU Bioeconomy Strategy November 2025 90 2.6.5 Asia-Pacific 91 3 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET 93 3.1 BIOREFINERIES 93 3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE 94 3.3 PLANT-BASED 97 3.3.1 STARCH 97 3.3.1.1 Overview 97 3.3.1.2 Sources 97 3.3.1.3 Global production 98 3.3.1.4 Lysine 98 3.3.1.4.1 Source 99 3.3.1.4.2 Applications 99 3.3.1.4.3 Global production 100 3.3.1.5 Glucose 101 3.3.1.5.1 HMDA 102 3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview 102 3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources 102 3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications 103 3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production 103 3.3.1.5.2 1,5-pentamethylenediamine (DA5) 104 3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview 104 3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources 104 3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications 105 3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production 105 3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol 106 3.3.1.5.3.1 Overview 106 3.3.1.5.3.2 Applications 106 3.3.1.5.3.3 Global Production 107 3.3.1.5.3.4 Isosorbide 107 3.3.1.5.3.4.1 Overview 107 3.3.1.5.3.4.2 Sources 108 3.3.1.5.3.4.3 Applications 108 3.3.1.5.3.4.4 Global production 108 3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid 109 3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview 109 3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid 110 3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid 110 3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide 111 3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid 112 3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview 112 3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources 113 3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications 113 3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production 113 3.3.1.5.6 3-HP 114 3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview 114 3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources 114 3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications 115 3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production 115 3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid 116 3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview 116 3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications 117 3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production 117 3.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) 118 3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview 118 3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications 118 3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production 119 3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid 120 3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview 120 3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources 120 3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications 120 3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production 121 3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) 122 3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview 122 3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications 122 3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Global production 122 3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF) 123 3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview 123 3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications 124 3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production 124 3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid 125 3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview 125 3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications 126 3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame 126 3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview 126 3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications 126 3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production 127 3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol 127 3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview 128 3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources 128 3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications 128 3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production 129 3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene 130 3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview 130 3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources 130 3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications 130 3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production 131 3.3.1.5.9.6 Terephthalic acid 132 3.3.1.5.9.6.1 Overview 132 3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol 133 3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview 133 3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources 134 3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications 134 3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production 134 3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG) 135 3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview 135 3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources 135 3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications 136 3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production 136 3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol 137 3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview 137 3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources 138 3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications 138 3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production 138 3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene 139 3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview 139 3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications 140 3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production 140 3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene 141 3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride 143 3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate 145 3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS 147 3.3.2.1 Saccharose 147 3.3.2.1.1 Aniline 147 3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview 147 3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications 147 3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production 148 3.3.2.1.2 Fructose 149 3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview 149 3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications 149 3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production 149 3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) 150 3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview 150 3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications 150 3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production 151 3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF) 152 3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview 152 3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications 152 3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production 153 3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid 154 3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview 154 3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications 154 3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production 154 3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME 156 3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview 156 3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications 156 3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production 156 3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA 157 3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview 157 3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications 157 3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production 158 3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 159 3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone 159 3.3.3.1.1 Overview 159 3.3.3.1.2 Applications 159 3.3.3.1.3 Global production 159 3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose 160 3.3.3.2.1 Overview 160 3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose 161 3.3.3.2.3 Global production 162 3.3.3.2.4 Furfural 163 3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview 163 3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications 163 3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production 163 3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol 164 3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview 164 3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications 165 3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production 165 3.3.3.3 Lignin 166 3.3.4 PLANT OILS 167 3.3.4.1 Overview 167 3.3.4.2 Glycerol 168 3.3.4.2.1 Overview 168 3.3.4.2.2 Applications 168 3.3.4.2.3 Global production 168 3.3.4.2.4 MPG 169 3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview 169 3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications 170 3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production 170 3.3.4.2.5 ECH 171 3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview 171 3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications 172 3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production 172 3.3.4.3 Fatty acids 173 3.3.4.3.1 Overview 173 3.3.4.3.2 Applications 173 3.3.4.3.3 Global production 174 3.3.4.4 Castor oil 175 3.3.4.4.1 Overview 175 3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid 175 3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview 175 3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications 175 3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production 176 3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA) 177 3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview 177 3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications 177 3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production 177 3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) 179 3.3.4.5.1 Overview 179 3.3.4.5.2 Applications 179 3.3.4.5.3 Global production 179 3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate 180 3.3.4.6.1 Overview 180 3.3.4.6.2 Applications 181 3.3.4.6.3 Global production 181 3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK 182 3.3.5.1 Casein 183 3.3.5.1.1 Overview 183 3.3.5.1.2 Applications 183 3.3.5.1.3 Global production 183 3.3.6 BIO-BASED NAPHTHA 184 3.3.6.1 Overview 184 3.3.6.2 Applications 185 3.3.6.3 Global Production 185 3.4 WASTE 187 3.4.1 Food waste 187 3.4.1.1 Overview 187 3.4.1.2 Products and applications 187 3.4.1.3 Global production 188 3.4.2 Agricultural waste 189 3.4.2.1 Overview 189 3.4.2.2 Products and applications 189 3.4.2.3 Global production 189 3.4.3 Forestry waste 190 3.4.3.1 Overview 190 3.4.3.2 Products and applications 190 3.4.3.3 Global production 191 3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste 192 3.4.4.1 Overview 192 3.4.4.2 Products and applications 192 3.4.4.3 Global production 192 3.4.5 Municipal solid waste 193 3.4.5.1 Overview 193 3.4.5.2 Products and applications 193 3.4.5.3 Global production 194 3.4.6 Industrial waste 195 3.4.6.1 Overview 195 3.4.6.2 Waste oils 195 3.4.6.3 Overview 195 3.4.6.4 Products and applications 195 3.4.6.5 Global production 196 3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES 197 3.5.1 Microalgae 197 3.5.1.1 Overview 197 3.5.1.2 Products and applications 197 3.5.1.3 Global production 198 3.5.2 Macroalgae 199 3.5.2.1 Overview 199 3.5.2.2 Products and applications 199 3.5.2.3 Global production 200 3.5.3 Mineral sources 201 3.5.3.1 Overview 201 3.5.3.2 Products and applications 201 3.6 GASEOUS 202 3.6.1 Biogas 202 3.6.1.1 Overview 202 3.6.1.2 Products and applications 203 3.6.1.3 Global production 203 3.6.2 Syngas 204 3.6.2.1 Overview 204 3.6.2.2 Products and applications 205 3.6.2.3 Global production 206 3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO 206 3.6.3.1 Overview 206 3.6.3.2 Products and applications 207 4 BIO-BASED POLYMERS 208 4.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS 208 4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics 208 4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics 209 4.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS 209 4.2.1 Biodegradability 210 4.2.2 Compostability 211 4.3 TYPES 211 4.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS 213 4.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS 214 4.5.1 Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear 214 4.5.1.1 Market analysis 214 4.5.1.2 Production 215 4.5.1.3 Applications 215 4.5.1.4 Producers 216 4.5.2 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 216 4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid? 216 4.5.2.2 Market analysis 217 4.5.2.3 Applications 218 4.5.2.4 Production 219 4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3) 219 4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation 220 4.5.2.6.1 Lactic acid 220 4.5.2.6.2 Selection of optimal bacterial strains 221 4.5.2.6.3 Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid 222 4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis 223 4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation 224 4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life 225 4.5.2.10 Producers and production capacities, current and planned 225 4.5.2.10.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities 225 4.5.2.10.2 PLA producers and production capacities 226 4.5.2.10.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 227 4.5.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) 228 4.5.3.1 Market analysis 228 4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET 229 4.5.3.2.1 Monomer production 230 4.5.3.2.2 Applications 230 4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities 231 4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 231 4.5.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) 232 4.5.4.1 Market analysis 232 4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities 233 4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 233 4.5.5 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) 234 4.5.5.1 Market analysis 234 4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET 235 4.5.5.3 Commercial status 236 4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities 236 4.5.5.4.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities 236 4.5.5.4.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 237 4.5.6 Polyamides (Bio-PA) 238 4.5.6.1 Market analysis 238 4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities 239 4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 240 4.5.7 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) 241 4.5.7.1 Market analysis 241 4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities 241 4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 242 4.5.8 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers 243 4.5.8.1 Market analysis 243 4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities 244 4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 244 4.5.9 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) 245 4.5.9.1 Market analysis 245 4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities 246 4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 246 4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 247 4.5.10.1 Market analysis 248 4.5.10.2 Producers and production capacities 248 4.5.10.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 249 4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers 250 4.5.11.1 Market analysis 250 4.5.11.2 Production 250 4.5.11.3 Applications 251 4.5.11.4 Producers 252 4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF) 253 4.5.12.1 Market Analysis 253 4.5.12.2 Production 253 4.5.12.3 Applications 253 4.5.12.4 Producers and Production Capacities 253 4.5.12.5 PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 254 4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT) 254 4.5.13.1 Market Analysis 254 4.5.13.2 Production 255 4.5.13.3 Applications 255 4.5.13.4 Producers and Production Capacities 255 4.5.13.5 Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 256 4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA) 256 4.5.14.1 Market Analysis 256 4.5.14.2 Production 256 4.5.14.3 Applications 257 4.5.14.4 Producers and Production Capacities 257 4.5.14.5 PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 257 4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC) 258 4.5.15.1 Market Analysis 258 4.5.15.2 Production 259 4.5.15.3 Applications 259 4.5.15.4 Producers and Production Capacities 259 4.5.15.5 Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 259 4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA) 260 4.5.16.1 Market Analysis 260 4.5.16.2 Production 260 4.5.16.3 Applications 261 4.5.16.4 Producers and Production Capacities 261 4.5.16.5 Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 261 4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) 262 4.5.17.1 Market Analysis 262 4.5.17.2 Production 262 4.5.17.3 Applications 263 4.5.17.4 Producers and Production Capacities 263 4.5.17.5 Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 263 4.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS 265 4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 265 4.6.1.1 Technology description 265 4.6.1.2 Types 266 4.6.1.2.1 PHB 268 4.6.1.2.2 PHBV 269 4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes 270 4.6.1.4 Market analysis 272 4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs 273 4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs 274 4.6.1.6.1 Packaging 275 4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics 276 4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres 276 4.6.1.6.3 Medical 276 4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering 276 4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery 277 4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture 277 4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film 277 4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags 277 4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities 277 4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 278 4.6.2 Cellulose 279 4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA) 279 4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis 279 4.6.2.1.2 Production 280 4.6.2.1.3 Applications 281 4.6.2.1.4 Producers 281 4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 282 4.6.2.2.1 Market analysis 282 4.6.2.2.2 Producers and production capacities 283 4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose 283 4.6.2.4 Casein polymers 284 4.6.2.4.1 Market analysis 284 4.6.2.5 Commercial status 284 4.6.2.5.1 Production 284 4.6.2.5.2 Applications 286 4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook 286 4.7 NATURAL FIBERS 287 4.7.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers 290 4.7.2 Advantages of natural fibers 291 4.7.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products 292 4.7.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers 294 4.7.5 Challenges 296 4.7.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose) 296 4.7.6.1 Seed fibers 296 4.7.6.1.1 Cotton 296 4.7.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 297 4.7.6.1.2 Kapok 298 4.7.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 298 4.7.6.1.3 Luffa 299 4.7.6.2 Bast fibers 299 4.7.6.2.1 Jute 300 4.7.6.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2036 301 4.7.6.2.2.1 Hemp 301 4.7.6.2.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2036 302 4.7.6.2.3 Flax 303 4.7.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 303 4.7.6.2.4 Ramie 304 4.7.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 304 4.7.6.2.5 Kenaf 305 4.7.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 306 4.7.6.3 Leaf fibers 306 4.7.6.3.1 Sisal 306 4.7.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 307 4.7.6.3.2 Abaca 307 4.7.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 308 4.7.6.4 Fruit fibers 309 4.7.6.4.1 Coir 309 4.7.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 309 4.7.6.4.2 Banana 310 4.7.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 310 4.7.6.4.3 Pineapple 311 4.7.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues 313 4.7.6.5.1 Rice fiber 313 4.7.6.5.2 Corn 313 4.7.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed 314 4.7.6.6.1 Switch grass 314 4.7.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues) 314 4.7.6.6.3 Bamboo 315 4.7.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036 316 4.7.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery) 316 4.7.7 Animal (fibrous protein) 317 4.7.7.1 Wool 317 4.7.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials 318 4.7.7.1.2 Producers 318 4.7.7.2 Silk fiber 318 4.7.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials 319 4.7.7.2.1.1 Producers 319 4.7.7.3 Leather 319 4.7.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials 320 4.7.7.3.1.1 Producers 320 4.7.7.4 Fur 321 4.7.7.4.1 Producers 321 4.7.7.5 Down 322 4.7.7.5.1 Alternative down materials 322 4.7.7.5.1.1 Producers 322 4.7.8 Markets for natural fibers 322 4.7.8.1 Composites 322 4.7.8.2 Applications 323 4.7.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds 324 4.7.8.3.1 Properties 324 4.7.8.3.2 Applications 324 4.7.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites 325 4.7.8.4.1 Automotive 325 4.7.8.4.2 Applications 325 4.7.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites 325 4.7.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds 326 4.7.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats 327 4.7.8.7.1 Flax 327 4.7.8.7.2 Kenaf 327 4.7.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites 327 4.7.8.9 Aerospace 328 4.7.8.9.1 Market overview 328 4.7.8.10 Automotive 328 4.7.8.10.1 Market overview 328 4.7.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers 332 4.7.8.11 Building/construction 333 4.7.8.11.1 Market overview 333 4.7.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers 334 4.7.8.12 Sports and leisure 334 4.7.8.12.1 Market overview 334 4.7.8.13 Textiles 335 4.7.8.13.1 Market overview 335 4.7.8.13.2 Consumer apparel 336 4.7.8.13.3 Geotextiles 336 4.7.8.14 Packaging 337 4.7.8.14.1 Market overview 337 4.7.9 Global production of natural fibers 339 4.8 LIGNIN 341 4.8.1 Lignin as a Bio-based Polymer Feedstock 341 5 MARKETS FOR BIOPLASTICS 342 5.1 Packaging (Flexible and Rigid) 343 5.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging 343 5.1.2 Applications 344 5.1.3 Flexible packaging 344 5.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036 346 5.1.4 Rigid packaging 347 5.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036 348 5.2 Consumer Goods 349 5.2.1 Applications 349 5.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2036 349 5.3 Automotive 350 5.3.1 Applications 350 5.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2036 351 5.4 Building and Construction 352 5.4.1 Applications 352 5.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2036 352 5.5 Textiles and Fibers 353 5.5.1 Apparel 353 5.5.2 Footwear 354 5.5.3 Medical textiles 355 5.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2036 355 5.6 Electronics 357 5.6.1 Applications 357 5.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2036 357 5.7 Agriculture and Horticulture 359 5.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2036 359 5.8 Production of Biopolymers, by region 361 5.8.1 North America 361 5.8.2 Europe 362 5.8.3 Asia-Pacific 363 5.8.4 Latin America 364 6 COMPANY PROFILES 365 (595 company profiles) 7 APPENDIX 779 7.1 Research Methodology 779 8 REFERENCES 781

List of Tables Table 1. Global Plastics Production (1950-2025). 45 Table 2. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers (2025). 46 Table 3. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2025–2036) 48 Table 4. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes). 49 Table 5. Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview 49 Table 6. Global Bio-based Building Block Production Capacities 2011–2036 (million tonnes total, all building blocks) 50 Table 7. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers. 51 Table 8. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036). 52 Table 9. Novel Feedstock Sources 54 Table 10. Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025 56 Table 11. Global Bio-based Polymer Production Capacities and Production 2025 57 Table 12. Bio-based Polymer Global Installed Capacity Forecast 2025–2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes) 58 Table 13. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 60 Table 14. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020–2036 (Revenues $M) 61 Table 15. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers. 64 Table 16. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative 66 Table 17. Available Bio-based Monomers. 76 Table 18. Bioplastic feedstocks, 79 Table 19. Bioplastics regulations around the world. 85 Table 20. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 94 Table 21. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 95 Table 22. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 96 Table 23. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals. 97 Table 24. Global Production of Starch for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 98 Table 25. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals. 99 Table 26. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals. 99 Table 27. Global Production of Bio-based Lysine, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 100 Table 28. Global Glucose Production for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 101 Table 29. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals. 102 Table 30. Applications of bio-based HDMA. 103 Table 31. Global Production Volumes of Bio-HMDA, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 103 Table 32. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5). 104 Table 33. Applications of DA5. 105 Table 34. Global Production of Bio-based DA5, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 105 Table 35. Sorbitol Applications 106 Table 36. Global Production (sorbitol directed to polymer/chemical applications, thousand tonnes) 107 Table 37. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide. 108 Table 38. Applications of bio-based isosorbide. 108 Table 39. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 108 Table 40. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 110 Table 41. Lactide applications. 111 Table 42. Global Lactide Production, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 111 Table 43. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid. 113 Table 44. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid. 113 Table 45. Global Production of Bio-itaconic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 113 Table 46. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP. 115 Table 47. Applications of 3-HP. 115 Table 48. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 115 Table 49. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid. 117 Table 50. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 117 Table 51. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO). 118 Table 52. Global Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 119 Table 53. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid. 120 Table 54. Applications of succinic acid. 120 Table 55. Global Production of Bio-based Succinic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 121 Table 56. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO). 122 Table 57. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 122 Table 58. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF). 124 Table 59. Global Production of Bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 124 Table 60. Applications of bio-based adipic acid. 126 Table 61. Applications of bio-based caprolactam. 127 Table 62. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 127 Table 63. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol. 128 Table 64. Applications of bio-based isobutanol. 128 Table 65. Global Production of Bio-based Isobutanol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 129 Table 66. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene. 130 Table 67. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene. 130 Table 68. Global Production of Bio-based p-Xylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 131 Table 69. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA). 132 Table 70. Global Production of Biobased Terephthalic Acid (TPA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 132 Table 71. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol. 134 Table 72. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol. 134 Table 73. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 135 Table 74. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG. 136 Table 75. Applications of bio-based MEG. 136 Table 76. Biobased MEG producers capacities. 136 Table 77. Global Production of Biobased MEG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 136 Table 78. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol. 138 Table 79. Applications of bio-based ethanol. 138 Table 80. Global Production of Biobased Ethanol, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 138 Table 81. Applications of bio-based ethylene. 140 Table 82. Global Production of Biobased Ethylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 140 Table 83. Applications of bio-based propylene. 141 Table 84. Global Production of Biobased Propylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 142 Table 85. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride. 143 Table 86. Global Production of Biobased Vinyl Chloride, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 144 Table 87. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate. 145 Table 88. Global Production of Bio-based Methyl Methacrylate, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 146 Table 89. Applications of bio-based aniline. 147 Table 90. Global Production of Biobased Aniline, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 148 Table 91. Applications of biobased fructose. 149 Table 92. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). 150 Table 93. Global Production of Biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 151 Table 94. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF). 152 Table 95. Global Production of Biobased 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 153 Table 96. Applications of Levulinic acid. 154 Table 97. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 155 Table 98. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME. 156 Table 99.Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 156 Table 100. Applications of FDCA. 158 Table 101. Global Production of Biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 158 Table 102. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone. 159 Table 103. Global Production of Bio-based Levoglucosenone, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 160 Table 104. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose 161 Table 105. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose 161 Table 106. Global Production of Hemicellulose, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 162 Table 107. Global Production of Biobased Furfural, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 163 Table 108. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol. 165 Table 109. Global Production of Biobased Furfuryl Alcohol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 165 Table 115. Global Production of Biobased Lignin, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 166 Table 116. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol. 168 Table 117. Global Production of Biobased Glycerol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 169 Table 118. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG. 170 Table 119. Global Production of Bio-MPG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 170 Table 120. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH. 172 Table 121. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 172 Table 122. Global Production of Biobased Fatty Acids, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 174 Table 123. Global Production of Biobased Sebacic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 176 Table 124. Global Production of Biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid (11-AA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 178 Table 125. Global Production of Biobased Dodecanedioic Acid (DDDA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 179 Table 126.Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 181 Table 127. Global Production of Biobased Casein, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 183 Table 128. Bio-based naphtha applications. 185 Table 129. Bio-based naphthaProduction Volume (thousand tonnes) 185 Table 130. Global Production of Food Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes) 188 Table 131. Global Production of Agricultural Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes) 189 Table 132. Global Production of Forestry Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes) 191 Table 133. Global Production of Aquaculture/Fishing Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 192 Table 134. Global Production of Municipal Solid Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes) 194 Table 135. Global Production of Waste Oils for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 196 Table 136. Global Microalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 198 Table 137. Global Macroalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 200 Table 138. Mineral source products and applications. 201 Table 139. Global Production of Biogas, 2018–2036 (billion m³) 203 Table 140. Global Production of Syngas, 2018–2036 (billion m³) 206 Table 141. Type of biodegradation. 210 Table 142. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics. 211 Table 143. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications. 211 Table 144. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types. 213 Table 145. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 215 Table 146. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications. 216 Table 147. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers. 216 Table 148. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 217 Table 149. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation 221 Table 150. Lactic acid producers and production capacities. 225 Table 151. PLA producers and production capacities. 226 Table 152. Planned PLA Capacity Expansions (2025 confirmed) 227 Table 153. PLA Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 227 Table 154. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 228 Table 155. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities. 231 Table 156. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 231 Table 157. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 232 Table 158. PTT Production Capacities (2025) 233 Table 159. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 233 Table 160. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 234 Table 161. PEF vs. PET. 235 Table 162. FDCA and PEF Producers (2025) 236 Table 163. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 237 Table 164. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 238 Table 165. Bio-PA Producers Production Capacities (2025) 239 Table 166. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 240 Table 167. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 241 Table 168. PBAT Producers, Production Capacities and Brands (2025) 241 Table 169. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 242 Table 170. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 243 Table 171. PBS Producers and Production Capacities (2025) 244 Table 172. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 244 Table 173. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 245 Table 174. Leading Bio-PE producers. 246 Table 175. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 246 Table 176. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 248 Table 177. Bio-PP Producers and Capacities (2025) 248 Table 178. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 249 Table 179. Superabsorbent Polymers Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 251 Table 180. Superabsorbent polymers Applications. 252 Table 181. Superabsorbent polymers producers. 252 Table 182. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Applications 253 Table 183. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Producers and Production Capacities 253 Table 184. PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 254 Table 185. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Applications 255 Table 186. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Producers and Production Capacities 255 Table 187. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 256 Table 188. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Applications 257 Table 189. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Producers and Production Capacities 257 Table 190. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 257 Table 191. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) 259 Table 192. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) Producers and Production Capacities 259 Table 193. Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 259 Table 194. Bio-PMMA Applications 261 Table 195. Bio-PMMA Producers and Production Capacities 261 Table 196. Bio-PMMA Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 261 Table 197. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) Applications 263 Table 198. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) 263 Table 199. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) 263 Table 200.Types of PHAs and properties. 267 Table 201. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers. 269 Table 202. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods. 271 Table 203. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 272 Table 204. Commercially available PHAs. 273 Table 205. Markets and applications for PHAs. 274 Table 206. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging. 275 Table 207. PHA Producers (2025) 277 Table 208. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 278 Table 209. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 280 Table 210. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications. 281 Table 211. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers. 281 Table 212. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 282 Table 213. Leading MFC producers and capacities. 283 Table 214. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 285 Table 215. Casein polymers applications. 286 Table 216. Types of next-gen natural fibers. 287 Table 217. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers. 290 Table 218. Typical properties of natural fibers. 291 Table 219. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products. 292 Table 220. Market drivers for natural fibers. 295 Table 221. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 296 Table 222. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT). 297 Table 223. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 298 Table 224. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 298 Table 225. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 299 Table 226. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 300 Table 227. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT). 301 Table 228. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 301 Table 229. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 302 Table 230. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 303 Table 231. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 303 Table 232. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 304 Table 233. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 305 Table 234. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 305 Table 235. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 306 Table 236. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 306 Table 237. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 307 Table 238. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 307 Table 239. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 308 Table 240. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 309 Table 241. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT). 309 Table 242. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 310 Table 243. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 310 Table 244. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 311 Table 245. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 313 Table 246. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 313 Table 247. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications. 314 Table 248. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size. 314 Table 249. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 315 Table 250. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT). 316 Table 251. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 317 Table 252. Alternative wool materials producers. 318 Table 253. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size. 318 Table 254. Alternative silk materials producers. 319 Table 255. Alternative leather materials producers. 320 Table 256. Next-gen fur producers. 321 Table 257. Alternative down materials producers. 322 Table 258. Applications of natural fiber composites. 323 Table 259. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites. 324 Table 260. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites. 325 Table 261. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites. 326 Table 262. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds. 326 Table 263. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats. 327 Table 264. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 328 Table 265. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market. 330 Table 266. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 331 Table 267. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry. 332 Table 268. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 333 Table 269. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector. 334 Table 270. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 335 Table 271. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 335 Table 272. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 337 Table 273. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036. 340 Table 274. Global Production Capacities by End-Use Market 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes total) 342 Table 275. Processes for bioplastics in packaging. 343 Table 276. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging. 344 Table 277. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging. 345 Table 278. Bio-based Polymers for Flexible Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 346 Table 279. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging. 347 Table 280. Bio-based Polymers for Rigid Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 348 Table 281. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes. 349 Table 282. Bio-based Polymers in Automotive and Transport 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 351 Table 283. Bio-based Polymers in Building and Construction 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 352 Table 284. Bio-based Polymers in Textiles and Fibres 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 355 Table 285. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes. 357 Table 286. Bio-based Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 359 Table 287. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America. 361 Table 288. Bio-based Polymers in North America by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 361 Table 289. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe. 362 Table 290. Bio-based Polymers in Europe by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 362 Table 291. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes 363 Table 292. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America. 364 Table 293. Lactips plastic pellets. 584 Table 294. Oji Holdings CNF products. 651 List of Figures Figure 1. Schematic of biorefinery processes. 93 Figure 2. Overview of Toray process. 125 Figure 3. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 149 Figure 4. Samsung 13-inch Color E-Pape 198 Figure 5. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®. 208 Figure 6. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics. 209 Figure 7. PHA family. 267 Figure 8. Types of natural fibers. 290 Figure 9. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap. 292 Figure 10. Adidas algae-ink tees. 292 Figure 11. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle. 292 Figure 12. Miratex watch bands. 293 Figure 13. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22. 293 Figure 14. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker 293 Figure 15. Luffa cylindrica fiber. 299 Figure 16. Pineapple fiber. 312 Figure 17. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial. 312 Figure 18. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 320 Figure 19. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel. 327 Figure 20. Car door produced from Hemp fiber. 329 Figure 21. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers. 330 Figure 22. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel. 336 Figure 23. Coir mats for erosion control. 337 Figure 24. Global fiber production in 2024, by fiber type, million MT and %. 340 Figure 25. PHA bioplastics products. 344 Figure 26. Biodegradable mulch films. 359 Figure 28. Pluumo. 369 Figure 29. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 382 Figure 30. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 384 Figure 31. MEDICELLU™. 384 Figure 32. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 393 Figure 33. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 393 Figure 34. CNF nonwoven fabric. 394 Figure 35. Roof frame made of natural fiber. 404 Figure 36. Beyond Leather Materials product. 408 Figure 37. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA. 414 Figure 38. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc. 415 Figure 39. Fiber-based screw cap. 429 Figure 40: Celluforce production process. 446 Figure 41: NCCTM Process. 446 Figure 42: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include: 447 Figure 43. formicobio™ technology. 452 Figure 44. nanoforest-S. 455 Figure 45. nanoforest-PDP. 455 Figure 46. nanoforest-MB. 456 Figure 47. sunliquid® production process. 464 Figure 48. CuanSave film. 467 Figure 49. Celish. 468 Figure 50. Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 469 Figure 51. ELLEX products. 471 Figure 52. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 471 Figure 53. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 472 Figure 54. Color CNF. 473 Figure 55. Rheocrysta spray. 478 Figure 56. DKS CNF products. 479 Figure 57. Domsjö process. 481 Figure 58. Mushroom leather. 496 Figure 59. CNF based on citrus peel. 498 Figure 60. Citrus cellulose nanofiber. 498 Figure 61. Filler Bank CNC products. 515 Figure 62. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing. 517 Figure 63. TMP-Bio Process. 520 Figure 64. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna. 521 Figure 65. Water-repellent cellulose. 523 Figure 66. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 524 Figure 67. PHA production process. 525 Figure 68. CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 526 Figure 69. AVAPTM process. 537 Figure 70. GreenPower+™ process. 537 Figure 71. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 541 Figure 72. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 544 Figure 73. CNF gel. 551 Figure 74. Block nanocellulose material. 551 Figure 75. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 552 Figure 76. Marine leather products. 555 Figure 77. Inner Mettle Milk products. 558 Figure 78. Kami Shoji CNF products. 571 Figure 79. Dual Graft System. 573 Figure 80. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 574 Figure 81. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended). 574 Figure 82. Kel Labs yarn. 575 Figure 83. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side). 579 Figure 84. Lignin gel. 589 Figure 85. BioFlex process. 593 Figure 86. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee. 595 Figure 87. LX Process. 598 Figure 88. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 601 Figure 89. TransLeather. 602 Figure 90. Chitin nanofiber product. 607 Figure 91. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 608 Figure 92. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 609 Figure 93. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology. 612 Figure 94. IPA synthesis method. 616 Figure 95. MOGU-Wave panels. 619 Figure 96. CNF slurries. 620 Figure 97. Range of CNF products. 620 Figure 98. Reishi. 624 Figure 99. Compostable water pod. 640 Figure 100. Leather made from leaves. 641 Figure 101. Nike shoe with beLEAF™. 641 Figure 102. CNF clear sheets. 651 Figure 103. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 652 Figure 104. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 667 Figure 105. Precision Photosynthesis™ technology. 670 Figure 106. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk. 672 Figure 107. XCNF. 679 Figure 108: Plantrose process. 680 Figure 109. LOVR hemp leather. 684 Figure 110. CNF insulation flat plates. 686 Figure 111. Hansa lignin. 693 Figure 112. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 697 Figure 113. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 701 Figure 114. 3D printed cellulose shoe. 708 Figure 115. Lyocell process. 711 Figure 116. North Face Spiber Moon Parka. 715 Figure 117. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie. 715 Figure 118. Spider silk production. 716 Figure 119. Stora Enso lignin battery materials. 720 Figure 120. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension. 721 Figure 121. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 722 Figure 122. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 722 Figure 123. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 723 Figure 124. Sulapac cosmetics containers. 724 Figure 125. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 725 Figure 126. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 726 Figure 127. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 734 Figure 128. Corbion FDCA production process. 742 Figure 129. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF. 743 Figure 130. CNF resin products. 748 Figure 131. UPM biorefinery process. 750 Figure 132. Vegea production process. 754 Figure 133. The Proesa® Process. 756 Figure 134. Goldilocks process and applications. 757 Figure 135. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 760 Figure 136. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 762 Figure 137. Worn Again products. 767 Figure 138. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process. 771