The Global Market
完整報告名稱與涵蓋範圍
The Global Market for Advanced Carbon Materials 2026-2036
報告摘要
The global advanced carbon materials market encompasses a diverse and rapidly expanding family of carbon-based materials that are enabling some of the most consequential industrial transformations of the twenty-first century. Spanning carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, biochar, nanodiamonds, fullerenes, carbon nanofibers, graphene quantum dots, carbon aerogels, carbon foam, and emerging allotropes such as carbon nano-onions and diamond semiconductors, these materials share a common elemental foundation but exhibit dramatically different morphologies, microstructures, and functional properties. The market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of approximately 11.7% through 2036, driven by the convergence of multiple structural megatrends across energy, transport, electronics, construction, and environmental remediation.
The electrification of transport has created enormous demand for carbon nanotubes as conductive additives in lithium-ion battery cathodes, where they enhance electronic conductivity and cycle life in nickel manganese cobalt and lithium iron phosphate chemistries. With global EV battery production projected to grow from approximately 800 GWh in 2024 to over 3,500 GWh by 2036, CNT demand is expanding proportionally, making it the fastest-growing segment by volume. The expansion of renewable energy, particularly offshore wind, is driving substantial demand for large-tow carbon fiber in turbine blade spar caps, as rotor diameters extend beyond 160 metres and carbon fiber reinforced polymer content in blades increases to approximately 40%. The hydrogen economy is creating a transformational new market for carbon fiber in Type IV composite overwrapped pressure vessels, with each hydrogen fuel cell vehicle requiring 5–10 kg of carbon fiber for its tank system. Aerospace continues to drive demand for high-performance carbon fiber, with current-generation wide-body aircraft utilising 50% or more composite materials by structural weight.
Asia Pacific has emerged as the dominant regional market, led by China, which is now the world's largest consumer of carbon fibers and home to the largest carbon nanotube producers. Jiangsu Cnano Technology alone operates over 10,500 metric tonnes of annual MWCNT capacity, with plans to reach 30,000 tonnes by 2027. Chinese carbon fiber capacity has surpassed 100,000 metric tonnes annually, though quality gaps in aerospace-grade production persist. North America and Europe remain significant markets, particularly in aerospace, defence, and high-value industrial applications, and are leading the development of carbon capture, utilisation, and storage infrastructure that increasingly intersects with advanced carbon materials production.
Biochar has emerged as a significant new market category, driven by the carbon dioxide removal credit market. Global production reached at least 350,000 tonnes in 2023, with biochar delivering over 90% of commercially traded permanent CDR credits. The EU Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming Regulation is establishing certification frameworks expected to become global benchmarks, and corporate demand for durable carbon removal is projected to reach 40–200 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year by 2030. The graphene market continues its transition from laboratory-scale research toward commercial deployment across composites, energy storage, thermal management, and coatings applications, with the 2025 demonstration of the world's first functional graphene semiconductor at Georgia Institute of Technology marking a landmark milestone.
The intersection of CCUS technology with advanced carbon materials represents a potentially transformational development. Companies such as Carbon Corp, UP Catalyst, Graphitic Energy, and HiiROC are demonstrating commercially viable pathways for converting methane or captured CO2 into high-value carbon nanomaterials, graphite, and carbon black. As of early 2025, global operational CO2 capture and storage capacity stood at approximately 50 Mtpa, with over 600 projects in the pipeline. The ability to convert waste carbon into advanced materials offers compelling dual-benefit models that simultaneously address climate change and materials supply chain security.
The competitive landscape has undergone notable changes, including the exposure of the Kangde Group fraud in China, the transition of DowAksa to Aksa Carbon following Dow's exit, and continued aggressive capacity expansion by Chinese and South Korean producers across both carbon fiber and carbon nanotube segments. As production volumes scale and manufacturing costs decline, advanced carbon materials are transitioning from niche specialty markets into mainstream industrial adoption, positioning them as foundational materials for the global energy transition, digital infrastructure expansion, and sustainable construction.
The Global Market for Advanced Carbon Materials 2026–2036 is the most comprehensive market intelligence report available on the advanced carbon materials industry, spanning over 1,150 pages of in-depth analysis, market forecasts, company profiles, and application roadmaps. This report provides detailed coverage of the entire advanced carbon materials value chain, from raw material precursors and production technologies through to end-use applications across more than a dozen industry sectors including energy storage, aerospace, automotive, construction, electronics, and environmental remediation.
Advanced carbon materials are foundational to the global energy transition, enabling lighter vehicles, longer wind turbine blades, higher-performance batteries, cleaner industrial processes, and verified carbon dioxide removal. The market encompasses carbon fibers, carbon black, graphite (natural and synthetic), biochar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphene quantum dots, carbon foam, carbon aerogels, diamond-like carbon coatings, activated carbon, and emerging materials such as carbon nano-onions and diamond semiconductors. Each material category is analysed independently with dedicated chapters covering properties, production methods, markets and applications, competitive landscape, pricing, supply chain dynamics, and demand forecasts extending to 2036.
The report provides granular market forecasts segmented by material type, application sector, and geographic region, with historical data from 2018 and projections through 2036. Regional analysis covers Asia Pacific (including detailed China coverage), North America, Europe, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. Pricing analysis includes current and forecast pricing by material grade, with producer-level pricing data for graphene, nanodiamonds, fullerenes, and graphene quantum dots.
A distinguishing feature of this report is its unmatched company coverage, profiling over 900 companies across all advanced carbon material categories. Company profiles include descriptions, products and technologies, production capacities, headquarters locations, and website information. Coverage spans material producers, composite manufacturers, recyclers, and technology developers from established multinationals to innovative startups.
The report includes dedicated analysis of the carbon capture, utilisation, and storage sector and its intersection with advanced carbon materials production, covering point-source capture technologies, direct air capture, electrochemical CO2 conversion, and companies converting captured CO2 into carbon nanotubes, graphene, and other high-value carbon nanomaterials. The biochar chapter provides extensive coverage of this rapidly growing market, including carbon credit market dynamics, regulatory frameworks, production technologies, and over 140 company profiles.
This report is essential reading for materials scientists, corporate strategists, investors, policy analysts, and procurement professionals seeking authoritative market intelligence on the advanced carbon materials industry through 2036.
Report contents include:
Market Overview and Drivers
Market landscape and evolution through 2036
Key market drivers: electrification, hydrogen economy, renewable energy, aerospace, digital infrastructure, CCUS, and sustainability mandates
Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition
Application framework across thermal management, conductive battery additives, and composites
Carbon Fibers
Properties, precursor types (PAN, pitch, lignin, polyethylene, textile PAN)
Recycled carbon fibers — market, recycling processes, and companies
Carbon fiber 3D printing and plasma oxidation technology
Markets: aerospace, wind energy, automotive, pressure vessels, oil and gas, civil engineering
Market analysis: competitive landscape, production capacities by producer, price and cost analysis, supply chain, demand forecasts 2020–2036 by industry and region
Over 90 company profiles including carbon fiber producers, composite producers, and recyclers
Carbon Black
Properties, manufacturing processes, specialty and recovered carbon black
Markets: tires, non-tire rubber, specialty applications
Global market forecasts by end-user market and region
Over 50 company profiles
Graphite
Natural graphite (flake, amorphous, vein) and synthetic graphite (isostatic, extruded, electrode)
China dominance analysis, US subsidies and tariff policy
Lithium-ion battery anode market analysis and gigafactory coverage
Global production, pricing, and demand forecasts by end-use market and region 2016–2036
Over 100 company profiles
Biochar
Carbon sequestration, properties, production processes (pyrolysis, gasification, HTC, torrefaction)
Carbon credits market analysis, regulatory framework
Applications across 13 sectors: agriculture, construction, wastewater, filtration, carbon capture, cosmetics, textiles, additive manufacturing, packaging, steel, energy, and more
Global demand forecasts by market, region, and feedstock 2018–2036
Over 140 company profiles
Graphene
Types, properties, pricing by graphene type and producer
Application roadmaps (2025–2036) for 18 market sectors including batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, conductive inks, thermal management, aerospace, automotive, biomedical, photovoltaics, and more
Production capacities by producer, supply chain analysis
Global demand forecasts by graphene type, end-use market, and region 2018–2036
Over 350 company profiles
Carbon Nanotubes
MWCNT and SWCNT properties, production capacities, and market overview
Application roadmaps for energy storage, polymer composites, electronics, thermal interface materials, construction, coatings, automotive, and aerospace
Coverage of DWNTs, VACNTs, FWNTs, carbon nanohorns, carbon nano-onions, and boron nitride nanotubes
Over 150 company profiles
Carbon Nanofibers
Properties, synthesis methods, markets (energy storage, composites, filtration, catalysis, EMI shielding)
Global market revenue forecasts 2020–2036
Company profiles
Fullerenes
Properties, applications, TRL assessment
Global market demand forecasts 2018–2036
Company profiles
Nanodiamonds
Types (detonation, fluorescent, diamond semiconductors)
Markets, pricing by producer, global demand forecasts 2018–2036
Over 30 company profiles
Graphene Quantum Dots
Properties, synthesis, applications, pricing by producer
Company profiles
Carbon Foam and Carbon Aerogels
Properties, markets, global market revenue forecasts
Company profiles
Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings
Properties, applications, global revenue forecasts 2018–2036
Company profiles
Activated Carbon
Types, production, markets, global revenue forecasts 2020–2036
Company profiles
Carbon Materials from Carbon Capture and Utilisation
Global point-source CO2 capture capacities and historical growth
Carbon capture processes: post-combustion, oxy-fuel, pre-combustion, chemical looping
Carbon separation technologies: absorption, adsorption, membranes, cryogenic, electrochemical
Direct air capture technologies and companies
CO2-to-carbon-materials companies and technologies
Companies profiled include 3DC, Arkema, Birla Carbon, Black Bear Carbon, Black Semiconductor GmbH, C12, CamGraPhIC, Carbon Cell, Carbon Conversions, Carbice, Cabot Corporation, Directa Plus, DowAksa, Eden Innovations, First Graphene, Fujitsu Laboratories, GrafTech International, Graphene Manufacturing Group, Graphenea, Graphitic Energy , GraphEnergy Tech, Graphjet Technology, Hexcel Corporation, HiiROC, Huntsman Corporation, HydroGraph, Imerys, INBRAIN Neuroelectronics, Levidian Nanosystems, Low Sulphur Fuels, Lyten, Mersen, Nanocomp Technologies, Naieel Technology, NanoXplore, NDB Technology, OCSiAl Group, Paragraf, Perpetuus Carbon Group, Premier Graphene, Resonac, Samsung, SGL Carbon, Skeleton Technologies, Syrah Resources, Talga Resources, Teijin Limited, Thomas Swan, Toray Industries, TrimTabs, Universal Matter, Vartega, Versarien, and Zeon Specialty Materials and more
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目錄 Table of Contents
1 THE ADVANCED CARBON MATERIALS MARKET 58
1.1 Market overview 62
1.2 Market Landscape and Evolution 62
1.3 Key Market Drivers 63
1.3.1 Electrification and Energy Storage 63
1.3.2 Hydrogen Economy 63
1.3.3 Renewable Energy Expansion 63
1.3.4 Aerospace Recovery and Growth 63
1.3.5 Digital Infrastructure and Electronics 64
1.3.6 Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) 64
1.3.7 Carbon Removal and Sustainability Mandates 64
1.4 Main Applications 64
1.5 Role of Advanced Carbon Materials in the Green Transition 65
1.6 Main applications 65
1.6.1 Thermal management 65
1.6.1.1 Commercialization 67
1.6.2 Conductive Battery Additives and Electrodes 70
1.6.3 Composites 72
1.7 Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition 74
1.8 Pricing Overview Across Advanced Carbon Materials, 74
1.9 Price Trajectory Forecasts 77
1.10 Comparative Growth Rates by Application 79
2 CARBON FIBERS 81
2.1 Competitive landscape and production capacity 81
2.2 Properties of carbon fibers 81
2.2.1 Types by modulus 83
2.2.2 Types by the secondary processing 83
2.3 Precursor material types 84
2.3.1 PAN: Polyacrylonitrile 85
2.3.1.1 Spinning 86
2.3.1.2 Stabilizing 86
2.3.1.3 Carbonizing 86
2.3.1.4 Surface treatment 87
2.3.1.5 Sizing 87
2.3.1.6 Pitch-based carbon fibers 87
2.3.1.7 Isotropic pitch 87
2.3.1.8 Mesophase pitch 88
2.3.1.9 Viscose (Rayon)-based carbon fibers 89
2.3.2 Bio-based and alternative precursors 89
2.3.2.1 Lignin 89
2.3.2.2 Polyethylene 93
2.3.2.3 Vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) 93
2.3.2.4 Textile PAN 94
2.3.3 Recycled carbon fibers (r-CF) 94
2.3.3.1 The market for rCF 94
2.3.3.2 Recycling processes 95
2.3.3.3 Recycled Carbon Fiber Market Size and Forecast (2025–2036) 97
2.3.3.4 Companies 98
2.3.4 Carbon Fiber 3D Printing 99
2.3.5 Plasma oxidation 101
2.3.6 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) 101
2.3.6.1 Applications 102
2.4 Markets and applications 104
2.4.1 Aerospace 104
2.4.1.1 Overview 104
2.4.1.2 2025/2026 Market Update 105
2.4.2 Wind energy 105
2.4.2.1 Overview 105
2.4.2.2 2025/2026 Market Update 105
2.4.3 Sports & leisure 107
2.4.3.1 Overview 107
2.4.4 Automotive 107
2.4.4.1 Overview 107
2.4.4.2 2025/2026 Market Update 109
2.4.5 Pressure vessels 110
2.4.5.1 Hydrogen Economy 111
2.4.6 Oil and gas 112
2.4.7 Civil Engineering and Infrastructure 113
2.4.8 Emerging and High-Growth Application Markets 113
2.4.8.1 Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and eVTOL Aircraft 113
2.4.8.2 Space and Satellite Launch 114
2.4.8.3 Marine and Shipbuilding 114
2.4.8.4 Medical Devices and Prosthetics 114
2.4.8.5 Electrical and Electronics 114
2.5 Market analysis 115
2.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 115
2.5.2 Regulations 116
2.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis 116
2.5.4 Supply Chain 117
2.5.5 Competitive Landscape 117
2.5.5.1 Annual capacity, by producer 118
2.5.6 Future Outlook 118
2.5.7 Addressable Market Size 120
2.5.8 Risks and Opportunities 121
2.5.9 Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036 122
2.5.9.1 By Industry (Thousand Metric Tonnes) 122
2.5.9.2 By Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes) 123
2.5.9.3 Revenues by Industry (Billions USD) 124
2.6 Company profiles 125
2.6.1 Carbon fiber producers 125 (29 company profiles)
2.6.2 Carbon Fiber composite producers 143 (65 company profiles)
2.6.3 Carbon fiber recyclers 179 (17 company profiles)
3 CARBON BLACK 193
3.1 Commercially available carbon black 193
3.2 Properties 194
3.2.1 Particle size distribution 195
3.2.2 Structure-Aggregate size 196
3.2.3 Surface chemistry 196
3.2.4 Agglomerates 197
3.2.5 Colour properties 198
3.2.6 Porosity 199
3.2.7 Physical form 199
3.3 Manufacturing processes 199
3.4 Markets and applications 201
3.4.1 Tires and automotive 201
3.4.2 Non-Tire Rubber (Industrial rubber) 204
3.4.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries and Energy Storage 205
3.4.3.1 Role of Carbon Black in Battery Electrodes 205
3.4.3.2 Carbon Black vs. Carbon Nanotubes in Battery Applications 205
3.4.3.3 Key Conductive Carbon Black Grades for Batteries 206
3.4.3.4 Market Size and Forecast 206
3.4.4 Other markets 207
3.5 Specialty carbon black 208
3.5.1 Applications 208
3.5.2 Global market size for specialty CB 209
3.6 Recovered carbon black (rCB) 210
3.6.1 Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires (ELT) 211
3.6.2 Discontinuous (“batch”) pyrolysis 212
3.6.3 Semi-continuous pyrolysis 212
3.6.4 Continuous pyrolysis 212
3.6.5 Key players 213
3.6.6 Global market size for Recovered Carbon Black 214
3.7 Plasma-Produced Carbon Black 215
3.7.1 Technology Overview 215
3.7.2 Key Players 215
3.7.3 Market Outlook 216
3.8 Bio-based and Alternarive Carbon Black 218
3.8.1 Overview 218
3.8.2 Key Players and Technologies 218
3.8.3 Market Assessment 218
3.8.4 Market analysis 221
3.8.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 221
3.8.4.2 Regulations 222
3.8.4.3 Supply chain 223
3.8.4.4 Price and Costs Analysis 224
3.8.4.5 Competitive Landscape 225
3.8.4.6 Future Outlook 227
3.8.4.7 Customer Segmentation 228
3.8.4.8 Addressable Market Size 229
3.8.4.9 Risks and Opportunities 230
3.8.4.10 Global market 230
3.8.5 Company profiles 234 (59 company profiles)
4 GRAPHITE 271
4.1 Types of graphite 273
4.1.1 Natural vs synthetic graphite 274
4.2 Natural graphite 276
4.2.1 Classification 277
4.2.2 Processing 278
4.2.3 Flake 278
4.2.3.1 Grades 279
4.2.3.2 Applications 279
4.2.3.3 Spherical graphite 281
4.2.3.4 Expandable graphite 282
4.2.4 Amorphous graphite 283
4.2.4.1 Applications 283
4.2.5 Crystalline vein graphite 284
4.2.5.1 Applications 284
4.3 Synthetic graphite 285
4.3.1 Classification 285
4.3.1.1 Primary synthetic graphite 286
4.3.1.2 Secondary synthetic graphite 286
4.3.2 Processing 287
4.3.2.1 Processing for battery anodes 287
4.3.3 Issues with synthetic graphite production 288
4.3.4 Isostatic Graphite 288
4.3.4.1 Description 288
4.3.4.2 Markets 289
4.3.4.3 Producers and production capacities 289
4.3.5 Graphite electrodes 289
4.3.6 Extruded Graphite 291
4.3.7 Vibration Molded Graphite 292
4.3.8 Die-molded graphite 293
4.4 New technologies 294
4.5 Recycling of graphite materials 294
4.6 Markers and applications 295
4.7 Graphite pricing (ton) 296
4.7.1 Pricing 2020-2025 296
4.7.1.1 Fine Flake Graphite Prices 297
4.7.1.2 Spherical Graphite Prices 298
4.7.1.3 +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices 298
4.7.1.4 Large Flake 299
4.8 Global production of graphite 300
4.8.1 Market Dynamics and Demand Drivers (2024-2025) 300
4.8.1.1 Steel Sector Weakness 300
4.8.1.2 Inventory Overhang Impact 301
4.8.1.3 Substitution Dynamics 301
4.8.1.4 Ex-China Markets Maintain Natural Preference 301
4.8.2 China dominance 302
4.8.2.1 Domestic Market Competition Structure 302
4.8.2.2 Strategic Cost Optimization (2021-2024) 303
4.8.2.3 Government Support and Subsidy Structures 305
4.8.2.4 China's Strategic Export Control Framework 305
4.8.2.5 Practical Impact of Export Controls 305
4.8.3 United States Subsidies, Loans, and Tariff Policy Evolution 306
4.8.3.1 Federal Loan Guarantee Programs 306
4.8.3.2 The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Clean Vehicle Credit (CVC) 307
4.8.3.3 FEOC Restrictions and Timeline Extensions 307
4.8.3.4 Political Uncertainty - "One Big Beautiful Bill" and CVC Expiration 308
4.8.3.5 Tariff Policy Evolution 308
4.8.3.6 July 2025 - Preliminary AD Determination 309
4.8.3.7 Chinese Retaliatory Measures 310
4.8.3.8 Policy Sustainability Analysis 310
4.8.4 Global mine production and reserves of natural graphite 311
4.8.5 Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2036 312
4.8.5.1 Natural Graphite 312
4.8.5.2 Synthetic Graphite 312
4.8.6 Western Market Cost Competitiveness Analysis 313
4.8.6.1 Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure 313
4.8.6.2 Chinese Pricing as Competitive Floor 314
4.8.6.3 Policy Support Mechanisms Bridging the Gap 314
4.8.6.4 Alternative Competitive Strategies 316
4.9 Global market demand for graphite by end use market 2016-2036, tonnes 320
4.9.1 Battery Market Dominance 320
4.9.2 Steel/Refractories Sector 321
4.9.3 Mature Industrial Markets 321
4.9.4 Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market 321
4.10 Demand by region 323
4.10.1 Asia-Pacific 324
4.10.2 North America 324
4.10.3 Europe 325
4.10.4 Brazil 326
4.11 Factors that aid graphite market growth 328
4.12 Factors that hinder graphite market growth 328
4.13 Main market players 329
4.13.1 Natural graphite 329
4.13.2 Synthetic graphite 329
4.14 Market supply chain 330
4.15 Lithium-ion batteries 332
4.15.1 Gigafactories 334
4.15.2 Anode material in electric vehicles 336
4.15.2.1 Properties 337
4.15.2.2 Market demand 338
4.15.2.3 Global Anode Market Structure and Competitive Dynamics 338
4.15.3 Recent trends in the automotive market and EVs 342
4.15.4 Higher costs and tight supply 343
4.15.5 Forecast for EVs 343
4.16 Refractory manufacturing (Steel market) 343
4.16.1 Steel market trends and graphite growth 344
4.16.2 Carbon Sources for refractories 344
4.16.3 Electric arc furnaces in steelmaking 344
4.16.4 Recarburising 345
4.17 Graphite Shapes 346
4.18 Electronics 347
4.18.1 Thermal management 347
4.19 Fuel Cells 347
4.20 Nuclear 348
4.21 Lubricants 348
4.22 Friction materials 349
4.23 Flame retardants 349
4.24 Solar and wind turbines 349
4.25 Company profiles 350 (103 company profiles)
5 BIOCHAR 420
5.1 What is biochar? 420
5.2 Carbon sequestration 421
5.3 Properties of biochar 422
5.4 Markets and applications 424
5.5 Biochar production 429
5.6 Feedstocks 429
5.7 Production processes 430
5.7.1 Sustainable production 431
5.7.2 Pyrolysis 432
5.7.2.1 Slow pyrolysis 432
5.7.2.2 Fast pyrolysis 433
5.7.3 Gasification 434
5.7.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) 434
5.7.5 Torrefaction 435
5.7.6 Equipment manufacturers 435
5.8 Carbon credits 436
5.8.1 Overview 436
5.8.2 Removal and reduction credits 436
5.8.3 The advantage of biochar 437
5.8.4 Price 437
5.8.5 Buyers of biochar credits 437
5.8.6 Competitive materials and technologies 437
5.8.6.1 Geologic carbon sequestration 438
5.8.6.2 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) 438
5.8.6.3 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) 439
5.8.6.4 Enhanced mineral weathering with mineral carbonation 439
5.8.6.5 Ocean alkalinity enhancement 440
5.8.6.6 Forest preservation and afforestation 440
5.9 Markets for biochar 441
5.9.1 Agriculture & livestock farming 441
5.9.1.1 Market drivers and trends 441
5.9.1.2 Applications 441
5.9.2 Construction materials 445
5.9.2.1 Market drivers and trends 445
5.9.2.2 Applications 445
5.9.3 Wastewater treatment 448
5.9.3.1 Market drivers and trends 448
5.9.3.2 Applications 449
5.9.4 Filtration 450
5.9.4.1 Market drivers and trends 450
5.9.4.2 Applications 450
5.9.5 Carbon capture 451
5.9.5.1 Market drivers and trends 451
5.9.5.2 Applications 451
5.9.6 Cosmetics 452
5.9.6.1 Market drivers and trends 452
5.9.6.2 Applications 452
5.9.7 Textiles 452
5.9.7.1 Market drivers and trends 452
5.9.7.2 Applications 453
5.9.8 Additive manufacturing 453
5.9.8.1 Market drivers and trends 453
5.9.8.2 Applications 453
5.9.9 Ink 454
5.9.9.1 Market drivers and trends 454
5.9.9.2 Applications 454
5.9.10 Polymers 455
5.9.10.1 Market drivers and trends 455
5.9.10.2 Applications 455
5.9.11 Packaging 456
5.9.11.1 Market drivers and trends 456
5.9.11.2 Applications 456
5.9.12 Steel and metal 457
5.9.12.1 Market drivers and trends 457
5.9.12.2 Applications 457
5.9.13 Energy 458
5.9.13.1 Market drivers and trends 458
5.9.13.2 Applications 458
5.10 Market analysis 462
5.10.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 462
5.10.2 Regulations 462
5.10.3 Price and Costs Analysis 462
5.10.4 Supply Chain 463
5.10.5 Competitive Landscape 464
5.10.6 Future Outlook 464
5.10.7 Customer Segmentation 464
5.10.8 Addressable Market Size 465
5.10.9 Risks and Opportunities 466
5.11 Global market 467
5.11.1 By end use market 467
5.11.2 By region 468
5.11.3 By feedstocks 469
5.11.3.1 China and Asia-Pacific 469
5.11.3.2 North America 471
5.11.3.3 Europe 471
5.11.3.4 South America 472
5.11.3.5 Africa 473
5.11.3.6 Middle East 474
5.12 Company profiles 475 (147 company profiles)
6 GRAPHENE 559
6.1 Types of graphene 559
6.2 Properties 561
6.3 Market analysis 562
6.3.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 562
6.3.2 Regulations 564
6.3.3 Price and Costs Analysis 564
6.3.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 567
6.3.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 567
6.3.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 568
6.3.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 569
6.3.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 570
6.3.3.6 Graphene ink 571
6.3.4 Markets and applications 572
6.3.4.1 Batteries 572
6.3.4.2 Supercapacitors 573
6.3.4.3 Polymer additives 575
6.3.4.4 Sensors 576
6.3.4.5 Conductive inks 578
6.3.4.6 Transparent conductive films 579
6.3.4.7 Transistors and integrated circuits 581
6.3.4.8 Filtration 583
6.3.4.9 Thermal management 585
6.3.4.10 Additive Manufacturing/3D printing 587
6.3.4.11 Adhesives 589
6.3.4.12 Aerospace 590
6.3.4.13 Automotive 593
6.3.4.14 Fuel cells 595
6.3.4.15 Biomedical and healthcare 596
6.3.4.16 Building and Construction 599
6.3.4.17 Paints and coatings 601
6.3.4.18 Photovoltaics 603
6.3.5 Supply Chain 605
6.3.6 Production Capacities 607
6.3.7 Future Outlook 613
6.3.8 Addressable Market Size 617
6.3.9 Risks and Opportunities 623
6.3.10 Global demand 2018-2036, tons 624
6.3.10.1 Global demand by graphene material (tons) 624
6.3.10.2 Global demand by end user market 625
6.3.10.3 Graphene market, by region 625
6.3.10.4 Revenue by End-Use Application 627
6.4 Company profiles 628 (359 company profiles)
7 CARBON NANOTUBES 864
7.1 Properties 864
7.1.1 Comparative properties of CNTs 865
7.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 866
7.2.1 Properties 866
7.2.2 Markets and applications 866
7.3 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 870
7.3.1 Properties 870
7.3.2 Markets and applications 870
7.4 Market Overview 872
7.4.1 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) 872
7.4.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) 873
7.4.3 Market Demand by End-Use Market (2020-2036) 873
7.4.4 Revenue by End-Use Application 874
7.5 Markets for Carbon Nanotubes 876
7.5.1 Energy Storage 876
7.5.2 Polymer Composites 876
7.5.3 Electronics 877
7.5.4 Thermal interface materials 878
7.5.5 Construction 879
7.5.6 Coatings 880
7.5.7 Automotive 880
7.5.8 Aerospace 881
7.5.9 Others (Filtration, Sensors, Medical Devices, Lubricants, and Emerging Applications) 882
7.6 Company profiles 884 (154 company profiles)
7.7 Other types 994
7.7.1 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) 994
7.7.1.1 Properties 994
7.7.1.2 Applications 995
7.7.2 Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) 995
7.7.2.1 Properties 995
7.7.2.2 Applications 996
7.7.3 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) 997
7.7.3.1 Properties 997
7.7.3.2 Applications 997
7.7.4 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs) 998
7.7.4.1 Properties 998
7.7.4.2 Applications 998
7.7.5 Carbon Nano-Onions 999
7.7.5.1 Properties 999
7.7.5.2 Applications 1000
7.7.5.3 Production and Pricing 1000
7.7.5.4 Market Analysis 1000
7.7.6 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) 1001
7.7.6.1 Properties 1001
7.7.6.2 Applications 1002
7.7.6.3 Production 1003
7.7.7 Companies 1004 (6 company profiles)
8 CARBON NANOFIBERS 1008
8.1 Properties 1008
8.2 Synthesis 1008
8.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition 1008
8.2.2 Electrospinning 1008
8.2.3 Template-based 1009
8.2.4 From biomass 1009
8.3 Markets 1009
8.3.1 Energy storage 1009
8.3.1.1 Batteries 1009
8.3.1.2 Supercapacitors 1010
8.3.1.3 Fuel cells 1010
8.3.2 CO2 capture 1010
8.3.3 Composites 1011
8.3.4 Filtration 1011
8.3.5 Catalysis 1011
8.3.6 Sensors 1011
8.3.7 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding 1012
8.3.8 Biomedical 1012
8.3.9 Concrete 1012
8.4 Market analysis 1013
8.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1013
8.4.2 Price and Costs Analysis 1013
8.4.3 Supply Chain 1014
8.4.4 Future Outlook 1014
8.4.5 Addressable Market Size 1015
8.4.6 Risks and Opportunities 1016
8.5 Global market revenues 1016
8.6 Companies 1018 (12 company profiles)
9 FULLERENES 1026
9.1 Properties 1026
9.2 Markets and applications 1027
9.3 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 1028
9.4 Market analysis 1029
9.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1029
9.4.2 Price and Costs Analysis 1029
9.4.3 Supply Chain 1030
9.4.4 Future Outlook 1030
9.4.5 Customer Segmentation 1030
9.4.6 Addressable Market Size 1031
9.4.7 Risks and Opportunities 1031
9.4.8 Global market demand (tons) 1032
9.4.9 Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market 1033
9.5 Producers 1034 (20 company profiles)
10 NANODIAMONDS 1044
10.1 Introduction 1044
10.2 Types 1044
10.2.1 Detonation Nanodiamonds 1045
10.2.2 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) 1048
10.2.3 Diamond semiconductors 1048
10.3 Markets and applications 1049
10.4 Market analysis 1052
10.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1052
10.4.2 Regulations 1053
10.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis 1053
10.4.4 Supply Chain 1057
10.4.5 Future Outlook 1057
10.4.6 Risks and Opportunities 1059
10.4.7 Global demand 2018-2036, tonnes 1059
10.4.8 Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market 1060
10.5 Company profiles 1061 (30 company profiles)
11 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 1086
11.1 Comparison to quantum dots 1087
11.2 Properties 1088
11.3 Synthesis 1088
11.3.1 Top-down method 1088
11.3.2 Bottom-up method 1089
11.4 Applications 1091
11.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 1091
11.5.1 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 1093
11.6 Graphene quantum dot producers 1094 (9 company profiles)
12 CARBON FOAM 1102
12.1 Types 1102
12.1.1 Carbon aerogels 1102
12.1.1.1 Carbon-based aerogel composites 1103
12.2 Properties 1103
12.3 Markets and Applications 1104
12.3.1 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 1107
12.4 Company profiles 1108 (10 company profiles)
13 DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON (DLC) COATINGS 1115
13.1 Properties 1116
13.2 Applications and markets 1117
13.3 Global market size 1118
13.4 Company profiles 1120 (9 company profiles)
14 ACTIVATED CARBON 1126
14.1 Overview 1126
14.2 Types 1126
14.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) 1128
14.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) 1128
14.2.3 Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC) 1128
14.2.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon 1129
14.2.5 Bead Activated Carbon (BAC 1129
14.2.6 Polymer Coated Carbon 1129
14.2.7 Specialty Forms 1129
14.3 Production 1130
14.3.1 Coal-based Activated Carbon 1130
14.3.2 Wood-based Activated Carbon 1130
14.3.3 Coconut Shell-based Activated Carbon 1130
14.3.4 Fruit Stone and Nutshell-based Activated Carbon 1130
14.3.5 Polymer-based Activated Carbon 1130
14.3.6 Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs) 1130
14.4 Markets and applications 1131
14.4.1 Water Treatment 1131
14.4.2 Air Purification 1132
14.4.3 Food and Beverage Processing 1132
14.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 1132
14.4.5 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 1132
14.4.6 Mining and Precious Metal Recovery 1132
14.4.7 Environmental Remediation 1132
14.4.8 Energy Storage 1133
14.4.8.1 Supercapacitor Technology and Activated Carbon's Role 1133
14.4.8.2 Lead-carbon batteries 1135
14.4.8.3 Lithium-ion Batteries and Lithium-ion Capacitors 1136
14.4.8.4 Flow Batteries 1137
14.4.8.5 Zinc-Air and Metal-Air Batteries 1137
14.4.8.6 Fuel Cell Components 1137
14.4.8.7 Solid-State Batteries 1137
14.4.9 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 1137
14.4.10 Automotive and Vehicle Applications 1138
14.4.11 Personal Care, Consumer Products, and Other Specialty Applications 1138
14.5 Market analysis 1139
14.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1139
14.5.2 Regulations 1140
14.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis 1141
14.5.4 Supply Chain 1141
14.5.5 Future Outlook 1142
14.5.6 Customer Segmentation 1144
14.5.7 Addressable Market Size 1144
14.5.8 Risks and Opportunities 1146
14.6 Global market revenues 2020-2036 1146
14.6.1 Global activated carbon production capacity 1148
14.6.1.1 Reactivation Capacity 1148
14.7 Companies 1149 (24 company profiles)
15 CARBON AEROGELS AND XEROGELS 1169
15.1 Overview 1169
15.2 Types 1169
15.2.1 Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (RF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1169
15.2.2 Phenolic-Furfural (PF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1169
15.2.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1170
15.2.4 Biomass-derived Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1170
15.2.5 Doped Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1170
15.2.6 Composite Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1170
15.3 Markets and applications 1170
15.3.1 Energy Storage 1171
15.3.2 Thermal Insulation 1171
15.3.3 Catalysis 1171
15.3.4 Environmental Remediation 1172
15.3.5 Other Applications 1172
15.4 Market analysis 1172
15.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1172
15.4.2 Regulations 1173
15.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis 1174
15.4.4 Supply Chain 1174
15.4.5 Future Outlook 1175
15.4.6 Customer Segmentation 1175
15.4.7 Addressable Market Size 1176
15.4.8 Risks and Opportunities 1176
15.5 Global market 1177
15.6 Companies 1178 (10 company profiles)
16 CARBON MATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION 1190
16.1 CO2 capture from point sources 1191
16.1.1 Transportation 1192
16.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities 1192
16.2 Main carbon capture processes 1194
16.2.1 Materials 1194
16.2.2 Post-combustion 1196
16.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion 1197
16.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 1198
16.2.5 Pre-combustion 1199
16.3 Carbon separation technologies 1200
16.3.1 Absorption capture 1201
16.3.2 Adsorption capture 1205
16.3.3 Membranes 1207
16.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture 1209
16.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture 1209
16.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner 1210
16.3.7 Other technologies 1211
16.3.7.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 1212
16.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies 1213
16.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2 1213
16.3.9.1 Process overview 1214
16.4 Direct air capture (DAC) 1216
16.4.1 Description 1216
16.5 Market Analysis 1218
16.6 Companies 1220 (4 company profiles)
17 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1223
18 REFERENCES 1224
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. Advanced Carbon Materials Market 2024–2036 (Billions USD) 58
Table 2. Consolidated Pricing Comparison for Advanced Carbon Materials (2025) 58
Table 3. Price Forecast Trends 2020–2036 61
Table 4. The advanced carbon materials market. 62
Table 5. Applications and Properties of Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing. 66
Table 6. Companies and Products Utilizing Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing. 67
Table 7.Carbon-Based Thermal Management Materials 69
Table 8. Carbon-Based Battery Additives 70
Table 9. Price Forecast Trends for All Materials 2020–2036 77
Table 10. Cross-Material CAGR Comparison by Application (Revenue CAGR 2024–2036, %) 79
Table 11. Classification and types of the carbon fibers. 81
Table 12. Summary of carbon fiber properties. 82
Table 13. Modulus classifications of carbon fiber. 83
Table 14. Comparison of main precursor fibers. 84
Table 15. Properties of lignins and their applications. 91
Table 16. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries. 92
Table 17. Fiber properties of polyolefin-based CFs. 93
Table 18. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages. 95
Table 19. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes. 97
Table 20. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity. 98
Table 21. Methods for direct fiber integration. 99
Table 22. Continuous fiber 3D printing producers. 99
Table 23. Summary of markets and applications for CFRPs. 102
Table 24. Comparison of CFRP to competing materials. 104
Table 25. The market for carbon fibers in wind energy-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 106
Table 26. The market for carbon fibers in sports & leisure-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 107
Table 27. The market for carbon fibers in automotive-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 108
Table 28. Carbon fiber automotive applications by component and adoption stage 109
Table 29. The market for carbon fibers in pressure vessels-market drivers, desirable properties of CF, applications, pricing, key players. 110
Table 30. Key Type IV Pressure Vessel Manufacturers 111
Table 31. Hydrogen economy carbon fiber demand forecast 112
Table 32. The market for carbon fibers in oil and gas-market drivers, desirable properties, applications, pricing and key players. 112
Table 33. Carbon fiber demand from UAM/eVTOL sector — key parameters 114
Table 34. Market drivers and trends in carbon fibers. 115
Table 35. Regulations pertaining to carbon fibers 116
Table 36. Price and costs analysis for carbon fibers. 116
Table 37. Carbon fibers supply chain. 117
Table 38. Production capacities of carbon fiber producers, in metric tonnes, current and planned. 118
Table 39. Future Outlook by End-Use Market. 119
Table 40. Addressable market size for carbon fibers by market. 121
Table 41. Market challenges in the CF and CFRP market. 121
Table 42. Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2036, by industry (MT). 122
Table 43. Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036, by Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes) 123
Table 44. Global Carbon Fiber Revenues 2020–2036, by Industry (Billions USD) 124
Table 45. Toray production sites 140
Table 46. Commercially available carbon black grades. 193
Table 47. Properties of carbon black and influence on performance. 195
Table 48. Carbon black compounds. 199
Table 49. Carbon black manufacturing processes, advantages and disadvantages. 200
Table 50: Market drivers for carbon black in the tire industry. 203
Table 51. Global market for carbon black in tires (Million metric tons), 2018 to 2036. 204
Table 52. Carbon black non-tire applications. 204
Table 53. Conductive Carbon Black Demand in Batteries (000s Tons) 206
Table 54. Specialty carbon black demand, 2018-2036 (000s Tons), by market. 209
Table 55. Categories for recovered carbon black (rCB) based on key properties and intended applications. 210
Table 56. rCB post-treatment technologies. 211
Table 57. Recovered carbon black producers. 213
Table 58. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018–2036 (000s Tons), by market 215
Table 59. Plasma-Produced Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2036 (000s Metric Tons). 216
Table 60. Bio-Based and Alternative Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2036 (000s Metric Tons) 219
Table 61. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Black. 221
Table 62. Regulations pertaining to carbon black. 222
Table 63. Market supply chain for carbon black. 223
Table 64 Pricing of carbon black. 224
Table 65. Carbon black capacities, by producer. 226
Table 66. Future outlook for carbon black by end use market. 227
Table 67. Customer Segmentation: Carbon Black. 228
Table 68. Addressable market size for carbon black by market. 229
Table 69. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Black. 230
Table 70. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by end-user market (100,000 tons) 230
Table 71. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by end-user market (billion USD) 231
Table 72. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by region (100,000 tons) 232
Table 73. Selected physical properties of graphite. 271
Table 74. Characteristics of natural and synthetic graphite. 272
Table 75. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite. 274
Table 76. Natural graphite size categories, their advantages, average prices, and applications. 277
Table 77. Classification of natural graphite with its characteristics. 277
Table 78. Applications of flake graphite. 279
Table 79. Amorphous graphite applications. 283
Table 80. Crystalline vein graphite applications. 284
Table 81. Characteristics of synthetic graphite. 285
Table 82: Main markets and applications of isostatic graphite. 289
Table 83. Current or planned production capacities for isostatic graphite. 289
Table 84. Main graphite electrode producers and capacities (MT/year). 289
Table 85. Extruded graphite applications. 291
Table 86. Applications of Vibration Molded Graphite. 292
Table 87. Applicaitons of Die-molded graphite. 293
Table 88. Recycled refractory graphite applications. 294
Table 89. Markets and applications of graphite. 295
Table 90. Pricing by Graphite Type, 2020-2025. 296
Table 91. Fine Flake Graphite Prices (-100 mesh, 90-97% C). 297
Table 92. Spherical Graphite Prices (99.95% C). 298
Table 93. Spherical Graphite Quality Grades and Applications. 298
Table 94. +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices (>500μm, 94-97% C). 298
Table 95. Large Flake Premium Analysis. 299
Table 96. Graphite Pricing Compression Analysis 2022-2024. 299
Table 97.Chinese Battery AAM Mix Evolution. 301
Table 98. Chinese Graphite Anode Market Structure. 302
Table 99. Chinese Graphitisation Cost Evolution 2021-2024. 304
Table 100. Chinese Feedstock Cost Dynamics 2021-2024. 305
Table 101. Examples of Graphite-Related Federal Support. 306
Table 102. Potential Final Combined Tariffs (if affirmative final determinations). 309
Table 103. Estimated global mine Production of natural graphite 2020-2025, by country (tons). 311
Table 104. Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2036. 312
Table 105. Natural Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036). 312
Table 106. Synthetic Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036). 312
Table 107. Typical cost breakdown for ex-China natural graphite AAM production (per tonne). 313
Table 108. Synthetic Anode Cost Dynamics. 313
Table 109. Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure Analysis. 314
Table 110. Current and potential tariff structures. 315
Table 111. US Graphite Tariff Evolution and Impact Analysis. 315
Table 112. Landed Cost Impact (Chinese AAM @ US$5,000-7,000/t DDP China). 316
Table 113. Competitive Positioning Analysis. 320
Table 114. Global Graphite Demand by End-Use Market 2020-2036 (tonnes). 321
Table 115. End Use Market Share Evolution. 321
Table 116. Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market 322
Table 117. Global Graphite Demand by Regional Market 2020-2036 (tonnes). 323
Table 118. Asia-Pacific Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2036 (tonnes). 324
Table 119. North America Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2036 (tonnes) 325
Table 120. North America Supply vs Demand Balance (AAM only). 325
Table 121. Europe Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2036 (tonnes) 326
Table 122. Europe Supply vs Demand Gap (AAM, kt): 326
Table 123. Brazil Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2036 (tonnes) 327
Table 124. Brazil Supply-Demand Balance: 327
Table 125. Main natural graphite producers. 329
Table 126. Main synthetic graphite producers. 330
Table 127. Key minerals in an EV battery. 333
Table 128. Global Battery Demand by Chemistry and Anode Type (2024-2030). 333
Table 129. Current and planned gigafactories. 334
Table 130. Key Battery Anode Specifications. 341
Table 131. Historical Anode Pricing Trends (DDP China). 341
Table 132. Major Anode Producer Profiles and Competitive Positioning 342
Table 133. Overview of thermal management materials. 347
Table 134. Graphite production capacities by producer. 350
Table 135. Next Resources graphite flake products. 393
Table 136. Summary of key properties of biochar. 422
Table 137. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties 422
Table 138. Markets and applications for biochar. 424
Table 139. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics. 429
Table 140. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages. 431
Table 141. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass. 434
Table 142. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production. 435
Table 143. Biochar production equipment manufacturers. 435
Table 144. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits. 437
Table 145. Biochar applications in agriculture and livestock farming. 441
Table 146. Effect of biochar on different soil properties. 442
Table 147. Fertilizer products and their associated N, P, and K content. 443
Table 148. Application of biochar in construction. 445
Table 149. Process and benefits of biochar as an amendment in cement . 446
Table 150. Application of biochar in asphalt. 447
Table 151. Biochar applications for wastewater treatment. 449
Table 152. Biochar in carbon capture overview. 451
Table 153. Biochar in cosmetic products. 452
Table 154. Biochar in textiles. 453
Table 155. Biochar in additive manufacturing. 453
Table 156. Biochar in ink. 454
Table 157. Biochar in packaging. 456
Table 158. Companies using biochar in packaging. 457
Table 159. Biochar in steel and metal. 458
Table 160. Summary of applications of biochar in energy. 458
Table 161. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biochar. 462
Table 162. Regulations pertaining to biochar. 462
Table 163. Biochar supply chain. 463
Table 164. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets. 464
Table 165. Future outlook for biochar by end use market. 464
Table 166. Customer Segmentation for Biochar. 464
Table 167. Addressable market size for biochar by market. 465
Table 168. Risk and opportunities in Biochar. 466
Table 169. Global demand for biochar 2018-2036 (1,000 tons), by market. 467
Table 170. Global demand for biochar 2018-2036 (1,000 tons), by region. 468
Table 171. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2036. 469
Table 172. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2036. 470
Table 173. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (excluding China) (1,000 tons), 2023–2036. 470
Table 174. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2036. 471
Table 175. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2036. 472
Table 176. Biochar production by feedstocks in Africa (1,000 tons), 2023-2036. 473
Table 177. Biochar production by feedstocks in the Middle East (tons), 2023–2036 474
Table 178. Various Forms of Graphene and Related Materials 559
Table 179. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 561
Table 180. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in graphene. 562
Table 181. Regulations pertaining to graphene. 564
Table 182. Types of graphene and typical prices. 564
Table 183. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 567
Table 184. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 568
Table 185. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 568
Table 186. Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Pricing by Producer (2025 Updated) 569
Table 187. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 570
Table 188. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 571
Table 189. Market and applications for graphene in automotive (20255-2036). 594
Table 190. Graphene supply chain. 605
Table 191. Graphene producer production capacities. 607
Table 192. Future outlook for graphene by end use market. 613
Table 193. Addressable market size for graphene by market. 618
Table 194. Risks and Opportunities in Graphene. 623
Table 195. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2036 (tons). 624
Table 196. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2036 (tons). 625
Table 197. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2036 (tons). 626
Table 198. GRAPHENE — Revenue by End-Use Application 627
Table 199. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 859
Table 200. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT. 864
Table 201. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 865
Table 202. Applications of MWCNTs. 866
Table 203. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT. 870
Table 204. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. 871
Table 205. Updated MWCNT Production Capacity Table (2024/2025) 873
Table 206. SWCNT Production Capacity (2024) 873
Table 207. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by end-use market, 2020-2036 (metric tons) 874
Table 208. Carbon Nanotube Revenue by End-Use Application (Millions USD) 874
Table 209. Carbon Nanotube CAGR by End-Use Application 875
Table 210. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in energy storage, 2025-2036. 876
Table 211. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in polymer composites, 2025-2036. 877
Table 212. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in electronics, 2025-2036. 877
Table 213. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in thermal interface materials, 2025-2036. 878
Table 214. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in construction, 2025-2036. 879
Table 215. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in coatings, 2025-2036. 880
Table 216. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in automotive, 2025-2036. 881
Table 217. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in aerospace, 2025-2036. 881
Table 218. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in other end-use markets, 2025-2036. 882
Table 219. Chasm SWCNT products. 907
Table 220. Thomas Swan SWCNT production. 979
Table 221. Properties of carbon nanotube paper. 982
Table 222. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes. 995
Table 223. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs). 996
Table 224. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs). 997
Table 225. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns. 998
Table 226. CARBON NANO-ONIONS — Revenue by End-Use Application 1001
Table 227. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs. 1002
Table 228. Applications of BNNTs. 1002
Table 229. Carbon Nanofibers from Biomass Analysis. 1009
Table 230. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers. 1013
Table 231. Price and Cost Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers. 1013
Table 232. Carbon nanofibers supply chain. 1014
Table 233. Future outlook for CNFs by end use market. 1014
Table 234. Addressable market size for CNFs by market. 1015
Table 235. Risks and Opportunities Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers. 1016
Table 236. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2036 (millions USD), by market 1017
Table 237. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 1026
Table 238. Types of fullerenes and applications. 1027
Table 239. Products incorporating fullerenes. 1027
Table 240. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes. 1027
Table 241. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Fullerenes. 1029
Table 242. Price and costs analysis for Fullerenes. 1029
Table 243. Fullerenes supply chain. 1030
Table 244. Future outlook for Fullerenes by end use market. 1030
Table 245. Addressable market size for Fullerenes by market. 1031
Table 246. Risks and Opportunities Analysis. 1031
Table 247. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2036 (tons). 1032
Table 248. Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market 1033
Table 249. Properties of nanodiamonds. 1046
Table 250. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages. 1047
Table 251. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds. 1049
Table 252. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Nanodiamonds. 1052
Table 253. Regulations pertaining to Nanodiamonds. 1053
Table 254. Price and costs analysis for Nanodiamonds. 1053
Table 255. Price of nanodiamonds by producer. 1055
Table 256. Nanodiamonds supply chain. 1057
Table 257. Future outlook for Nanodiamonds by end use market. 1058
Table 258. Risks and Opportunities in Nanodiamonds. 1059
Table 259. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2036. 1060
Table 260. Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market 1060
Table 261. Production methods, by main ND producers. 1061
Table 262. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list. 1063
Table 263. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list. 1067
Table 264. Daicel nanodiamond product list. 1069
Table 265. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list. 1071
Table 266. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list. 1075
Table 267. Plasmachem product list and applications. 1082
Table 268. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list. 1083
Table 269. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis. 1084
Table 270. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 1087
Table 271. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 1090
Table 272. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 1091
Table 273. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 1092
Table 274. Graphene Quantum Dots Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 1093
Table 275. Properties of carbon foam materials. 1104
Table 276. Applications of carbon foams. 1105
Table 277. Carbon Foam Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 1107
Table 278. Properties of Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1116
Table 279. Applications and markets for Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1118
Table 280. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2036 (Billion USD). 1119
Table 281. Activated Carbon Product Type Comparison (Updated 2026) 1129
Table 282. Markets and Applications for Activated Carbon. 1131
Table 283. Supercapacitor Performance Specifications for Activated Carbon 1133
Table 284. Producers of Supercapacitor-Grade Activated Carbon 1134
Table 285. Types of Carbon Used in Lead-Carbon Batteries 1135
Table 286. Lead-Carbon Battery Applications 1135
Table 287. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Activated Carbon. 1139
Table 288. Regulations pertaining to Activated Carbon. 1140
Table 289. Price and costs analysis for Activated Carbon. 1141
Table 290. Activated Carbon supply chain. 1142
Table 291. Future outlook for Activated Carbon by end use market. 1143
Table 292. Addressable market size for Activated Carbon by market. 1144
Table 293. Risks and Opportunities in Activated Carbon. 1146
Table 294. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2036 (millions USD), by market. 1147
Table 295. Global Activated Carbon Production Capacity by Region (2025-2026) 1148
Table 296. Markets and Applications for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1170
Table 297. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1172
Table 298. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1173
Table 299. Price and costs analysis for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 1174
Table 300. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels supply chain. 1174
Table 301. Future outlook for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by end use market. 1175
Table 302. Addressable market size for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by market. 1176
Table 303. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Aerogels. 1176
Table 304. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2036 (millions USD), by market. 1177
Table 305. Point source examples. 1191
Table 306.Historical Growth of Global Operational CCS Capacity (2010–2025) 1193
Table 307.Global CCS Project Pipeline Status (2025) 1193
Table 308.Major Operational CCS Facilities Worldwide (2025) 1193
Table 309. Assessment of carbon capture materials 1194
Table 310. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 1197
Table 311. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 1200
Table 312. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 1200
Table 313. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 1201
Table 314. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 1203
Table 315. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 1205
Table 316. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview. 1207
Table 317. Comparison of main separation technologies. 1213
Table 318. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages. 1214
Table 319. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 1218
Table 320. CO₂-DERIVED CARBON MATERIALS — Revenue by End-Use Application 1219
List of Figures
Figure 1. Manufacturing process of PAN type carbon fibers. 86
Figure 2. Production processes for pitch-based carbon fibers. 88
Figure 3. Lignin/celluose precursor. 89
Figure 4. Process of preparing CF from lignin. 91
Figure 5. Neustark modular plant. 134
Figure 6. CR-9 carbon fiber wheel. 153
Figure 7. The Continuous Kinetic Mixing system. 158
Figure 8. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam. 189
Figure 9. Electron microscope image of carbon black. 194
Figure 10. Different shades of black, depending on the surface of Carbon Black. 196
Figure 11. Structure- Aggregate Size/Shape Distribution. 196
Figure 12. Surface Chemistry – Surface Functionality Distribution. 197
Figure 13. Sequence of structure development of Carbon Black. 198
Figure 14. Carbon Black pigment in Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer. 199
Figure 15 Break-down of raw materials (by weight) used in a tire. 202
Figure 16. Conductive Carbon Black Demand in Batteries (000s Tons) 207
Figure 17. Applications of specialty carbon black. 208
Figure 18. Pyrolysis process: from ELT to rCB, oil, and syngas, and applications thereof. 212
Figure 19. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by end-user market (100,000 tons) 231
Figure 20. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by end-user market (billion USD) 232
Figure 21. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by region (100,000 tons) 233
Figure 22. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee. 253
Figure 23. Structure of graphite. 271
Figure 24. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG). 274
Figure 25. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications. 276
Figure 26. Flake graphite. 279
Figure 27. Flake graphite production 281
Figure 28. Amorphous graphite. 283
Figure 29. Vein graphite. 285
Figure 30: Isostatic pressed graphite. 288
Figure 31. Global market for graphite EAFs, 2018-2036 (MT). 290
Figure 32. Extruded graphite rod. 291
Figure 33. Vibration Molded Graphite. 292
Figure 34. Die-molded graphite products. 293
Figure 35. Graphite market supply chain (battery market). 332
Figure 36. 2 Graphite: Content and share of total cell weight, for common types of lithium-ion cells for battery-powered electric vehicles. 337
Figure 37. Graphite as active anode material in lithium-ion cell. 337
Figure 38. Schematic illustration of an EAF. 345
Figure 39. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures. 420
Figure 40. Compressed biochar. 424
Figure 41. Biochar production diagram. 431
Figure 42. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture. 433
Figure 43. Perennial ryegrass plants grown in clay soil with (Right) and without (Left) biochar. 444
Figure 44. Biochar bricks. 447
Figure 45. Biochar production by feedstocks in South America (1,000 tons), 2023-2036. 472
Figure 46. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln. 492
Figure 47. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 528
Figure 48. Takavator. 551
Figure 49. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 561
Figure 50. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Batteries (2025–2036) 573
Figure 51. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Supercapacitors (2025–2036) 574
Figure 52. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Polymer Additives (2025–2036) 576
Figure 53. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Sensors (2025–2036) 577
Figure 54. Applications roadmap for graphene in conductive inks (2025-2036). 579
Figure 55. Applications roadmap for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (2025–2036) 581
Figure 56. Applications roadmap for graphene transistors (2025-2036). 583
Figure 57. Applications roadmap for graphene filtration membranes (2025–2036) 585
Figure 58. Applications roadmap for graphene in thermal management (2025-2036). 587
Figure 59. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing. 588
Figure 60. Applications roadmap for graphene in adhesives (2025-2036). 590
Figure 61. Applications roadmap for graphene in aerospace (2205-2036). 592
Figure 62. Applications roadmap for graphene in fuel cells (2025–2036) 596
Figure 63. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in biomedical and healthcare (2025-2036). 598
Figure 64. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in building and construction (2025-2036). 601
Figure 65. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in paints and coatings (2025-2036). 603
Figure 66. Applications roadmap for graphene in in photovoltaics. 605
Figure 67. Graphene heating films. 628
Figure 68. Graphene flake products. 634
Figure 69. Printed graphene biosensors. 643
Figure 70. Prototype of printed memory device. 648
Figure 71. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 663
Figure 72. Graphene battery schematic. 687
Figure 73. Dotz Nano GQD products. 689
Figure 74. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 695
Figure 75. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 704
Figure 76. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 736
Figure 77. Sensor surface. 751
Figure 78. BioStamp nPoint. 767
Figure 79. Nanotech Energy battery. 784
Figure 80. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 787
Figure 81. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 788
Figure 82. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 789
Figure 83. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 790
Figure 84. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 806
Figure 85. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 808
Figure 86. The Sixth Element graphene products. 822
Figure 87. Thermal conductive graphene film. 823
Figure 88. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 836
Figure 89. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 839
Figure 90. AWN Nanotech water harvesting prototype. 887
Figure 91. Large transparent heater for LiDAR. 898
Figure 92. Carbonics, Inc.’s carbon nanotube technology. 901
Figure 93. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process. 907
Figure 94. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 914
Figure 95. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic. 917
Figure 96. CSCNT composite dispersion. 917
Figure 97. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays. 921
Figure 98. Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co. Ltd CNT product. 928
Figure 99. Carbon nanotube paint product. 931
Figure 100. MEIJO eDIPS product. 937
Figure 101. NAWACap. 948
Figure 102. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 949
Figure 103. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 950
Figure 104. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 951
Figure 105. CNT film. 954
Figure 106. HiPCO® Reactor. 956
Figure 107. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product. 970
Figure 108. Smell iX16 multi-channel gas detector chip. 972
Figure 109. The Smell Inspector. 973
Figure 110. Toray CNF printed RFID. 983
Figure 111. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model. 995
Figure 112. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment. 996
Figure 113. TEM image of FWNTs. 997
Figure 114. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns. 998
Figure 115. TEM image of carbon onion. 999
Figure 116. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red. 1002
Figure 117. Conceptual diagram of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (A) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (B) showing typical dimensions of length, width, and separation distance between graphene layers in MWCNTs (Source: JNM). 1003
Figure 118. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet. 1006
Figure 119. Solid Carbon produced by UP Catalyst. 1024
Figure 120. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes. 1028
Figure 121. Detonation Nanodiamond. 1045
Figure 122. DND primary particles and properties. 1045
Figure 123. Functional groups of Nanodiamonds. 1046
Figure 124. NBD battery. 1077
Figure 125. Neomond dispersions. 1079
Figure 126. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points). 1080
Figure 127. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 1086
Figure 128. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 1087
Figure 129. Graphene quantum dots. 1089
Figure 130. Top-down and bottom-up methods. 1090
Figure 131. Dotz Nano GQD products. 1094
Figure 132. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 1097
Figure 133. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 1099
Figure 134. Schematic of typical microstructure of carbon foam: (a) open-cell, (b) closed-cell. 1102
Figure 135. Classification of DLC coatings. 1115
Figure 136. SLENTEX® roll (piece). 1180
Figure 137. CNF gel. 1187
Figure 138. Block nanocellulose material. 1187
Figure 139. CO2 capture and separation technology. 1191
Figure 140. Post-combustion carbon capture process. 1196
Figure 141. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 1197
Figure 142. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process. 1198
Figure 143. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process. 1199
Figure 144. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 1199
Figure 145. Amine-based absorption technology. 1203
Figure 146. Pressure swing absorption technology. 1207
Figure 147. Membrane separation technology. 1208
Figure 148. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation. 1209
Figure 149. Process schematic of chemical looping. 1210
Figure 150. Calix advanced calcination reactor. 1211
Figure 151. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram. 1212
Figure 152. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products. 1214
Figure 153. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 1217
Figure 154. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 1218
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