報告摘要
The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and advanced air mobility (AAM) market represents an emerging aviation category built around quiet, electrically powered aircraft designed to move people and cargo through low-altitude airspace. Spanning urban air taxis, intercity and regional connections, cargo and logistics, and medical and emergency services, AAM promises a new layer of transport that complements existing road, rail and conventional aviation networks. After a period of intense experimentation, the sector has consolidated around a smaller group of credible developers whose aircraft are progressing through type certification, moving the industry from demonstration toward early commercial operation.
The proposition rests on a convergence of enabling technologies: high-density batteries, electric motors and distributed propulsion, lightweight composite structures, and increasingly capable autonomy, avionics and software. Realising it at scale, however, depends as much on infrastructure and institutions as on aircraft — vertiports, charging and grid connections, air-traffic management and airspace integration, and public acceptance all shape how quickly service can expand. Operationally, early deployments are converging on short, fair-weather shuttle missions that replace or augment helicopter and premium ground transport, with broader networks expected to follow as costs fall and autonomy matures.
Government support has become a decisive force, and Japan offers a leading example. Its recently approved national growth strategy designates eVTOLs a key technology within a select group of strategic aviation and space fields, backing them with coordinated public investment in research, demonstration facilities and supply-chain development, and prioritising domestic strengths in compact, lightweight aircraft for urban-transit and tourism routes. The strategy also emphasises certification expertise and international standardisation, signalling an intent to shape global rules rather than merely follow them. Comparable momentum is evident worldwide: China has embedded low-altitude economic development in revised civil-aviation legislation and streamlined airspace access; the United States is advancing integration pilot programmes and powered-lift rules; Europe has established dedicated certification specifications; and Gulf states are underwriting flagship launches. Together these interventions de-risk investment, accelerate certification and catalyse infrastructure.
The market therefore sits at an inflection point. A narrowing field of well-capitalised aircraft developers, a maturing supplier and infrastructure ecosystem, and unprecedented policy backing are aligning to move advanced air mobility from ambition toward operational reality. The pace and geography of that transition will be determined largely by the interplay of certification progress, infrastructure readiness and sustained government commitment.
The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2027-2037 is a comprehensive market and technology assessment of the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and advanced air mobility (AAM) sector as it transitions from certification to early commercial operation. The report examines the full ecosystem — aircraft architectures and design, use cases and route economics, total cost of ownership, funding and business models, the supplier base, regulation and certification, and the physical and digital infrastructure required to operate at scale.
It provides an in-depth analysis of the enabling technology stack, including batteries, charging standards and energy infrastructure, fuel-cell and hybrid powertrains, electric motors and propulsion, composite materials and lightweighting, and autonomy, avionics and software. Dedicated chapters address vertiport and ground infrastructure, air-traffic management and airspace integration, public perception and social licence, and convergence with adjacent markets. Regional market analysis and detailed forecasts run through 2037, complemented by extensive company profiles across the value chain.
The report reflects the sector's recent consolidation and the emergence of a small group of credible front-runners, alongside intensifying government support, evolving certification pathways, and the strategic contest to build bankable infrastructure. It is intended for OEMs, suppliers, investors, operators, infrastructure developers, utilities, regulators and policymakers seeking a rigorous, current view of where the market is heading.
Contents include:
Executive summary and market outlook
Introduction to eVTOL and advanced air mobility
eVTOL architectures and design
Journey use cases and route optimisation
Total cost of ownership and economic analysis
Funding, investment, and business models
Aerospace and automotive suppliers: eVTOL activity
eVTOL OEM market players — company profiles
Programs and initiatives supporting eVTOL development
Batteries for eVTOL
Charging standards and energy infrastructure
Fuel cell and hybrid eVTOL
Electric motors and propulsion systems
Composite materials and lightweighting
Autonomy, avionics, and software
Regulation and certification
Vertiport and ground infrastructure
Air traffic management and airspace integration
Public perception, safety, and social licence
Convergence with adjacent markets
Regional market analysis
Market forecasts 2026–2037
Conclusions, company profiles, appendices, and references
Companies Profiled include Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen), Archer Aviation, AutoFlight, AltoVolo, Ascendance Flight Technologies, Bell Textron (Nexus), BETA Technologies, CycloTech, Doroni Aerospace, Dufour Aerospace, EHang, Honda, ERC System, Eve Air Mobility, Jaunt Air Mobility, Joby Aviation, Lilium, Overair, SkyDrive, Supernal (Hyundai), Varon Vehicles, TCab Tech, Vertical Aerospace, Vertaxi, Volant Aerotech, Wisk Aero, XPeng AeroHT, Yivtol, Zuri, Volocopter, Diehl Aviation, GE Aerospace, Honeywell Aerospace Technologies, Rolls-Royce, RTX Corporation (Collins Aerospace & Pratt & Whitney), Safran Group, Amprius Technologies, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. (CATL), IONBLOX, Lyten, QuantumScape, Saft (TotalEnergies), SES AI (SolidEnergy Systems) and more
授權報價
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目錄 Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 29
1.1 Report Scope and Objectives 29
1.2 Defining eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility 29
1.3 The AAM Ecosystem: The "5As" Framework — Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace 30
1.4 Market Size and Growth Summary 2026–2037 36
1.5 Industry Consolidation Accelerates 38
1.6 The Casualties: 2024–2025 38
1.7 The Survivors: Who Remains in the Race 39
1.7.1 Tier 1 — Approaching FAA Certification 39
1.7.2 Tier 2 — Earlier-Stage but Well-Funded 39
1.7.3 Chinese Leaders — Operational but Geographically Constrained 40
1.8 The Reality Check: Physics, Economics, and Expectations 40
1.9 Regulatory Landscape 40
1.10 Outlook 41
1.11 Key Market Drivers and Restraints 41
1.12 Certification and Regulatory Progress Update 42
1.13 eVTOL Unit Sales Forecast Summary (Units) 2026–2037 43
1.14 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast Summary (GWh) 2026–2037 43
1.15 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast Summary (US$ billion) 2026–2037 44
1.16 Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast Summary 45
1.17 Pilot and Workforce Requirements Forecast 46
1.18 Industry Developments Since the Early-2026 Cut-Off 48
2 INTRODUCTION TO eVTOL AND ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY 49
2.1 What is an eVTOL Aircraft? 49
2.2 From Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) 49
2.3 Distributed Electric Propulsion: The Enabling Concept 50
2.4 Advantages of AAM Networks 51
2.5 eVTOL Applications: Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military 52
2.6 Current General Aviation Aircraft: Helicopters and Fixed-Wing 52
2.7 Why Helicopters Are Not Suitable for UAM at Scale 55
2.8 Worldwide Helicopter Fleet and General Aviation Market Size 56
2.9 What is Making eVTOL Possible Now? 58
2.10 The AAM Value Chain and Emerging Ecosystem 61
2.11 Key Issues, Challenges, and Constraints for eVTOL Air Taxis 65
2.12 NASA: UAM Challenges and Constraints 65
3 eVTOL ARCHITECTURES AND DESIGN 66
3.1 World eVTOL Aircraft Directory and Geographical Distribution 66
3.2 Main eVTOL Architectures Overview 69
3.3 eVTOL Architecture Choice: Trade-Offs and Considerations 70
3.4 Multicopter/Rotorcraft: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks 70
3.5 Lift + Cruise: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks 72
3.6 Vectored Thrust — Tiltwing: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks 73
3.7 Vectored Thrust — Tiltrotor: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks 76
3.8 Range and Cruise Speed Comparison Across Electric eVTOL Designs 79
3.9 Hover Lift Efficiency, Disc Loading, and Cruise Efficiency by Architecture 81
3.10 Complexity, Criticality, and Cruise Performance 87
3.11 Comparative Assessment of eVTOL Architectures 87
3.12 Manned and Unmanned eVTOL Test Flight Progress 88
3.13 Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status 104
4 JOURNEY USE CASES AND ROUTE OPTIMISATION 109
4.1 Where eVTOL Has a Competitive Advantage Over Ground Transport 109
4.2 Urban Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Taxi/Ride-Hailing (8–16 km) 111
4.3 Rural Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Private Car (16–40 km) 112
4.4 Rural Rideshare: eVTOL vs. Multiple Private Cars (40–80 km) 113
4.5 Sub-Regional Shuttle: eVTOL vs. Rail (100–160 km) 116
4.6 Cargo Delivery: eVTOL vs. Road Transport (Middle-Mile, 50–100 km) 116
4.7 Air Ambulance: eVTOL vs. Helicopter Emergency Services (60–100 km) 118
4.8 Multicopter eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km Journey Comparisons 120
4.9 Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey 123
4.10 Important Factors for Air Taxi Time Advantage 125
4.11 Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving and Viable Use Cases 127
4.12 eVTOL as an Urban Mass Mobility Solution: Feasibility Assessment 2
5 TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 141
5.1 TCO Analysis Methodology 141
5.2 eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison 145
5.3 eVTOL Aircraft Upfront Cost Analysis (£3m–£5m Range) 148
5.4 eVTOL Operational Fuel Cost Savings 149
5.5 The Economic Value of Autonomous Flight 149
5.6 TCO Analysis: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case) 152
5.7 TCO Analysis: US$/15 km Trip — Multicopter eVTOL Design 153
5.8 Sensitivity Analysis: Battery Cost and Performance 153
5.9 Sensitivity Analysis: Upfront/Infrastructure Cost 154
5.10 Sensitivity Analysis: Average Trip Length 155
5.11 Sensitivity Analysis: Higher/Lower eVTOL Capital Costs 157
5.12 Sensitivity Analysis: Reduced Flying Window and Increased Vertiport Travel Time 159
5.13 Sensitivity Analysis: Earlier Autonomous Capability (2030 vs. 2035) 161
5.14 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment: Direct and Indirect Benefits 163
6 FUNDING, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS MODELS 165
6.1 Air Mobility Funding Landscape: Historical and Current Trends 165
6.2 eVTOL OEMs Attracting Large Funding Rounds 169
6.3 Strategic Investors: Aerospace and Automotive OEMs 169
6.4 eVTOL OEMs Will Have to Weather a Tougher Investor Climate 170
6.5 eVTOL Commercial Interest: Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent 171
6.6 Business Model Archetypes: System Providers, Service Providers, Hardware Providers, Ticket Brokers 172
6.7 OEM Model vs. Vertically Integrated Model 176
6.8 Consolidation and Shake-Out Outlook 178
6.9 New Manufacturing Facilities and Production Plans 181
6.10 Design for Manufacture (DfM) and High-Volume Production Challenges 182
7 AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS: eVTOL ACTIVITY 184
7.1 Aerospace Companies eVTOL Involvement 184
7.1.1 RTX Corporation 185
7.1.2 General Electric 186
7.1.3 SAFRAN 186
7.1.4 Rolls-Royce 187
7.1.5 Honeywell 187
7.2 Automotive OEM Involvement 187
7.3 Composite Material Suppliers 189
7.4 Supply Chain Structure: Insource vs. Outsource Models 190
8 eVTOL OEM MARKET PLAYERS — COMPANY PROFILES 192
8.1 Joby Aviation 192
8.2 Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership) 193
8.3 Lilium 195
8.4 Volocopter (VoloCity) 195
8.5 Vertical Aerospace 196
8.6 EHang 197
8.7 Wisk Aero 198
8.8 Eve Air Mobility (Embraer) 199
8.9 Supernal (Hyundai) 200
8.10 Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen) 201
8.11 SkyDrive 202
8.12 Autoflight (Prosperity I) 203
8.13 Jaunt Air Mobility 203
8.14 Honda eVTOL 203
8.15 Additional OEM Profiles 204
8.16 Players' Planned Production Capacity Comparison 204
8.17 Key Supplier Partnerships by OEM 205
9 PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES SUPPORTING eVTOL DEVELOPMENT 207
9.1 Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation 207
9.2 US Air Force: Agility Prime 209
9.3 NASA: Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign 210
9.4 Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond) 211
9.5 eVTOL Intellectual-Property and Legal Disputes 211
9.6 China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative 212
9.7 Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM 213
9.8 K-UAM Grand Challenge: South Korea 214
9.9 UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives 214
9.10 NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments 215
9.11 Varon Vehicles: UAM in Latin America 216
9.12 Global Urban Air Mobility Radar: 110+ Projects Worldwide 217
10 BATTERIES FOR eVTOL 218
10.1 Battery Specifics for eVTOLs: The Battery Trilemma 218
10.2 eVTOL Battery Wish List and Requirements 218
10.3 Importance of Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/kg) for Aviation 220
10.4 Li-ion Cathode and Anode Benchmarking for eVTOL 221
10.5 Li-ion Timeline: Technology and Performance Evolution 222
10.6 The Promise of Silicon Anodes for eVTOL Applications 226
10.7 Aerospace Battery Pack Sizing and Energy Density Considerations 229
10.8 Battery Specifications of Leading eVTOL OEMs 230
10.9 eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rates 231
10.10 Cell-to-Pack and Module Elimination Approaches 232
10.11 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Aviation 233
10.12 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Metal and Solid-State Batteries (SSB) 236
10.13 Solid-State Battery Developers 238
10.14 CATL Condensed Battery and Other Advanced Concepts 240
10.15 Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: 2026–2037 (Wh/kg Roadmap) 241
10.16 Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: NMC, NCA, LFP, SSB, Li-S 243
10.17 Battery Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Distributed Modules 245
10.18 eVTOL Battery Cost Analysis and Trajectory 246
10.19 eVTOL Battery Supply Chain 248
10.20 Key Battery Suppliers 251
10.21 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh) 252
10.22 eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ million) 253
11 CHARGING STANDARDS AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR eVTOL 254
11.1 Competing Charging Standards in the AAM Market 254
11.2 Global Electric Aviation Charging System (GEACS) 256
11.3 BETA Technologies Charging (CCS-Based) 256
11.4 EPS Charging Solutions 257
11.5 Grid Power Requirements for Vertiport Charging 257
11.6 Off-Grid and Renewable Energy Solutions for Remote Vertiports 261
11.7 Vertiport Power Demand Decomposition: Electrical Distribution vs. Chargers 264
11.8 Vertiport Electrical Equipment Requirements and Single-Line Architecture 267
11.9 Charging Technologies, Charger Types, and Duty Cycles 269
11.9.1 Charger types and architectures 269
11.9.2 Charge cycles, C-rates and duty profiles 270
11.10 Grid Impact, Power Quality, and Reinforcement Requirements 271
11.10.1 Renewable and distributed-energy integration 272
11.11 On-Site Energy Storage and Operational Resilience 274
11.12 Electrical Standards and Regulatory Framework 275
11.13 Market Assessment: PAM and SAM (excluding China) 278
11.14 Market by Geography (excluding China) 280
11.15 Market by Application 281
11.16 Ecosystem Players and Competitive Positioning 283
11.17 Infrastructure and Value Chain 284
11.18 Potential Opportunity: Key Solutions and Buyers 285
12 FUEL CELL AND HYBRID eVTOL 287
12.1 Options for Hydrogen Use in Aviation 287
12.2 Key Systems Needed for Hydrogen Aircraft 290
12.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for eVTOL 295
12.4 Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape 295
12.5 Fuel Cell eVTOL: Players and Specifications 297
12.6 Challenges Hindering Hydrogen Aviation 298
12.7 Conclusions for Hydrogen Fuel Cell eVTOL 299
12.8 Hybrid Propulsion Systems: Series and Parallel Architectures 299
12.9 Hybrid Systems Optimisation 300
12.10 All-Electric Range vs. Fuel Cell and Hybrid Powertrains 301
12.11 Hybrid Propulsion: Turbines and Piston Engines 303
12.12 Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System 304
12.13 Conclusions for Hybrid eVTOL 305
13 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS 307
13.1 eVTOL Motor/Powertrain Requirements 307
13.2 eVTOL Aircraft Motor Power Sizing and kW Estimates 308
13.3 Electric Motors and Distributed Electric Propulsion 309
13.4 Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL Design 310
13.5 Electric Motor Designs: Summary of Traction Motor Types 311
13.6 Motor Efficiency Comparison: PMSM vs. BLDC 312
13.7 Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motors 315
13.8 Why Axial Flux Motors for eVTOL? 317
13.9 List of Axial Flux Motor Players and Benchmark 318
13.10 Key Motor Suppliers 320
13.11 Power Density and Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation 321
13.12 Power Electronics: SiC MOSFETs and High-Voltage Platforms for eVTOL 326
14 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTWEIGHTING 332
14.1 The Importance of Lightweighting in eVTOL Design 332
14.2 Comparison of Lightweight Materials 333
14.3 Introduction to Composite Materials: Fibres, Resins, and Reinforcements 339
14.4 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for eVTOL 341
14.5 Glass Fibres and Thermoplastic Composites 344
14.6 eVTOL Composite Material Requirements 345
14.7 Supply Chain for Composite Manufacturers 347
14.8 Key eVTOL-Composite Partnerships 353
14.9 Key Challenges for Composites in High-Volume eVTOL Production 354
15 AUTONOMY, AVIONICS, AND SOFTWARE 356
15.1 The Roadmap from Piloted to Autonomous eVTOL Flight 356
15.2 Pilot Demand and Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2037 357
15.3 Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems 362
15.4 Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Capabilities 363
15.5 AI-Powered Autonomous Flight Systems 365
15.6 Software-Defined Approaches for eVTOL: Lessons from the Automotive SDV Transition 365
15.7 Sensor Fusion and Perception Systems for eVTOL 367
15.8 Cybersecurity and Counter-AAM Considerations 376
16 REGULATION AND CERTIFICATION 378
16.1 Overview of the eVTOL Certification Landscape 378
16.2 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) 378
16.3 EASA Special Condition: SC-VTOL and Certification Categories 379
16.4 EASA EUROCAE Working Groups 381
16.5 US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certification Pathways 381
16.6 Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Low-Altitude Economy Policy 383
16.7 UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and FFC Alignment with EASA/FAA 385
16.8 National Aviation Authority (NAA) Network: UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA 386
16.9 Design Organisation Authorisation (DOA) and Production Organisation Authorisation (POA) 386
16.10 Air Operator Certificates (AOC) and Airline Regulatory Requirements 387
16.11 Companies Pursuing eVTOL Development and Regulatory Approval: Status Tracker 388
16.12 Pilot Licensing and Training Requirements Evolution 399
16.13 Noise, Environmental, and Safety Regulations 400
16.14 When Will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? Slipping Timelines Assessment 400
17 VERTIPORT AND GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE 408
17.1 eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements: Overview 408
17.2 Vertiport Concepts: From Basic Pads to Full-Service Hubs 415
17.3 Vertiport Nodal Network Design 422
17.4 Companies Developing Vertiports 422
17.5 Vertiport Design Concepts 423
17.6 Lilium Scalable Vertiports 425
17.7 BETA Technologies Recharge Pads 426
17.8 EHang E-Port 426
17.9 Vertiport Technical Challenges: Real Estate, Planning Permission, Multi-Type Accommodation 427
17.10 Vertiport Security: Biometric Processing, Baggage Handling, Counter-Drone 434
17.11 Vertiport Forecast: Units Required 2026–2037 441
17.12 The "Chicken and Egg" Problem: Vertiports Before Certified Aircraft 443
18 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND AIRSPACE INTEGRATION 444
18.1 eVTOL Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) Requirements 444
18.2 UTM/ATM Integration: Combining Manned and Unmanned Traffic 444
18.3 NASA/FAA UAM Concept of Operations (ConOps) 446
18.4 European UTM Frameworks and Standardisation 447
18.5 Communication Infrastructure: 5G, Low-Latency Networks, and Redundancy 448
18.6 Digital Infrastructure and Drone Operation Centres 449
18.7 Global Fragmentation of UTM Standards 450
19 PUBLIC PERCEPTION, SAFETY, AND SOCIAL LICENCE 452
19.1 Public Acceptance of AAM: Survey Data and Trends 452
19.2 EASA Perception Studies 452
19.3 UK Public Perception of Drones and AAM 453
19.4 Safety and Security Considerations 454
19.5 Noise Impact and Community Concerns 455
19.6 Building Social Licence: Engagement Strategies and Government Initiatives 455
19.7 The Role of Commercial Drone Operations in Normalising Future Aviation 456
20 CONVERGENCE WITH ADJACENT MARKETS 458
20.1 eVTOL and the Broader Drone Market: Convergence of Platforms 458
20.2 Cargo Drones and Large Autonomous Aircraft 458
20.3 Electric Conventional Take-Off and Landing (eCTOL) Aircraft 459
20.4 Software-Defined Vehicles and Cross-Over Technologies 460
20.5 Autonomous Ground Vehicle (Robotaxi) Competition and Complementarity 461
20.6 Multimodal Transport Integration and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) 461
20.7 The Low-Altitude Economy: China's Strategic Framework 462
21 REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS 464
21.1 North America: United States and Canada 464
21.2 Europe: EU, UK, and EFTA 470
21.3 Asia-Pacific: China, South Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia 471
21.4 Middle East: UAE, Saudi Arabia (NEOM), and Gulf States 479
21.5 Latin America 479
21.6 Africa 480
21.7 Regional Regulatory Comparison and Market Entry Timelines 480
22 MARKET FORECASTS 2026–2037 489
22.1 Forecast Methodology and Assumptions 489
22.2 Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2037 (Units) 490
22.3 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Region/Economy Size (Units) 490
22.4 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type 491
22.5 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application (Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military) 491
22.6 Replacement Demand vs. New Demand: Fleet Lifecycle Analysis 491
22.7 eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh) 493
22.8 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ Billion) 494
22.9 Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 494
22.10 Workforce and Pilot Demand Forecast 2026–2037 495
23 CONCLUSIONS 496
23.1 Market Outlook Summary 496
23.2 Key Findings 496
23.3 Strategic Recommendations 497
24 COMPANY PROFILES 498
24.1 eVTOL OEM Profiles 498 (29 company profiles)
24.2 Aerospace Tier 1 Suppliers with eVTOL Activity 574 (6 company profiles)
24.3 Battery and Energy Storage Suppliers 591 (12 company profiles)
24.4 Electric Motor and Propulsion System Suppliers 615 (8 company profiles)
24.5 Composite Material and Lightweighting Suppliers 626 (4 company profiles)
24.6 Vertiport and Infrastructure Developers 634 (5 company profiles)
24.7 Air Traffic Management and Digital Infrastructure Providers 641 (6 company profiles)
24.8 Automotive OEMs with eVTOL Investments 650 (6 company profiles)
24.9 Aircraft Leasing and Fleet Operators 661
24.10 Cargo Drone and Convergent AAM Companies 663 (5 company profiles)
24.11 Charging Infrastructure Providers 670 (2 company profiles)
24.12 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell System Suppliers 674 (3 company profiles)
25 APPENDICES 680
25.1 Appendix A — Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 680
25.2 Appendix B —eVTOL OEM Certification Status Tracker (As of Q1 2026) 681
25.3 Appendix C — Forecast Data Tables — Detailed Annual Breakdowns 682
25.4 Appendix D - UK AAM Economic Impact Model Summary 683
25.5 Appendix E: Battery Technology Roadmap for eVTOL Aviation 684
25.6 Appendix F: Regulatory Framework Reference Guide 684
25.7 Appendix G: Methodology Notes 685
26 REFERENCES 686
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Definitions: eVTOL, UAM, AAM, and Related Terminology 29
Table 2. Global eVTOL and AAM Market Summary: Key Metrics 2026–2037 36
Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints Summary 41
Table 4. eVTOL Certification Status Tracker: Leading OEMs (as of 2026) 42
Table 5. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh) 43
Table 6. eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ billion) 44
Table 7. Cumulative Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 (Units) 46
Table 8. Cumulative eVTOL and Pilot Forecast 2026–2037 47
Table 9. Pilot Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2030, 2030–2034, 2035–2036 48
Table 10. Advantages of AAM Networks vs. Traditional Aviation and Ground Transport 51
Table 11. eVTOL Application Categories: Capacity, Range, and Distance Profiles 52
Table 12. GAMA General Aviation Helicopter Sales and Market Size 53
Table 13. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region 53
Table 14. GAMA General Aviation Airplane Sales by Type 54
Table 15. Top 5 General Aviation OEMs by Airplane Type 54
Table 16. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Comparison: Noise, Cost, Emissions, Complexity 55
Table 17. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region 56
Table 18. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by OEM 57
Table 19. Convergence of Enabling Technologies for eVTOL 58
Table 20. AAM Ecosystem Participant Map: Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace 64
Table 21. Key Challenges for eVTOL Air Taxis: Technical, Regulatory, Economic, Social 65
Table 22. Geographical Distribution of eVTOL Projects Worldwide 66
Table 23. World eVTOL Aircraft Directory: Number of Concepts by Region 68
Table 24. eVTOL Architecture Selection Criteria: Range, Speed, Complexity, Noise, Efficiency 70
Table 25. Multicopter/Rotorcraft Key Player Specifications (Range, Speed, Payload, Passengers) 71
Table 26. Benefits and Drawbacks of Multicopter Architecture 71
Table 27. Lift + Cruise Key Player Specifications 72
Table 28. Benefits and Drawbacks of Lift + Cruise Architecture 73
Table 29. Tiltwing Key Player Specifications 74
Table 30. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltwing Architecture 74
Table 31. Tiltrotor Key Player Specifications 77
Table 32. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltrotor Architecture 77
Table 33. Range vs. Cruise Speed Scatter Plot: Electric eVTOL Designs by Architecture 79
Table 34. Hover Lift Efficiency and Disc Loading by eVTOL Architecture 81
Table 35. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison by Architecture Type 84
Table 36. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison — Quantitative Metrics by Architecture Type 86
Table 37. Comprehensive Comparison of eVTOL Architectures: Multicopter, Lift+Cruise, Tiltwing, Tiltrotor 87
Table 38. Manned Air Taxi eVTOL Test Flights: Dates, OEMs, Outcomes 88
Table 39. Unmanned Air Taxi eVTOL Model Test Flights 99
Table 40. Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status by OEM 105
Table 41. eVTOL Competitive Advantage by Distance and Setting 109
Table 42. Urban Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison 111
Table 43. Rural Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison 112
Table 44. Rural Rideshare Cost, Time, and Emissions Comparison 113
Table 45. Rural Rideshare Sensitivity Analysis — eVTOL Cost Per Passenger by Operations Phase 115
Table 46. Sub-Regional Shuttle Cost, Time, and Distance Comparison (12-seat eVTOL) 116
Table 47. Cargo Delivery Cost and Emissions Comparison (350 kg payload) 116
Table 48. Air Ambulance Journey: eVTOL vs. EC135 Helicopter 119
Table 49. Air Ambulance Cost, Response Time, and CO₂ Comparison 120
Table 50. eVTOL Multicopter vs. Robotaxi: Journey Time and Cost at 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km 121
Table 51. Journey Time Comparison: eVTOL vs. Robotaxi by Distance 122
Table 52. Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey Breakdown 124
Table 53. Key Variables Affecting Air Taxi Time Advantage 125
Table 54. Summary of Use Case Viability by Journey Type and Distance 129
Table 55. eVTOL Mass Mobility Feasibility Scorecard 138
Table 56. TCO Analysis Framework and Input Variables 141
Table 57. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison (US$/flight hour) 145
Table 58. Operating Cost Breakdown: eVTOL vs. Helicopter 146
Table 59. eVTOL Aircraft Price Estimates by OEM and Architecture 148
Table 60. eVTOL Fuel Cost Savings vs. Conventional Aviation 149
Table 61. Piloted vs. Autonomous eVTOL Cost Impact (US$/trip) 150
Table 62. Impact of Autonomous Operation on TCO Over Time 150
Table 63. TCO Breakdown: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case) 152
Table 64. TCO Breakdown: US$/15 km Trip (Multicopter) 153
Table 65. TCO Sensitivity to Battery Cost (US$/kWh) and Energy Density (Wh/kg) 154
Table 66. TCO Sensitivity to Aircraft Purchase Price and Infrastructure Cost 154
Table 67. TCO Sensitivity to Average Trip Length (km) 156
Table 68. TCO Impact: £3m vs. £5m vs. £182k eVTOL Capital Cost Scenarios 157
Table 69. Sensitivity Analysis: Decreased eVTOL Lifetime (10 Years vs. 5 Years) 159
Table 70. TCO Impact of 10-Year vs. 5-Year eVTOL Lifetime 160
Table 71. Economic Impact of Autonomous Capability in 2030 vs. 2035 161
Table 72. Annual and Aggregate Socio-Economic Impact by Use Case 163
Table 73. Investment in Passenger UAM Startups 2016–2026 (US$ million) 166
Table 74. Cumulative Investment by OEM (Top 10, Through 2026 Estimated) 167
Table 75. Largest eVTOL Funding Rounds to Date: Company, Round, Amount, Lead Investors 169
Table 76. Strategic Automotive and Aerospace Investors in eVTOL 170
Table 77. eVTOL Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent by OEM (Units and Value) 171
Table 78. Four UAM Business Model Archetypes 172
Table 79. Business Model Archetype Characteristics and Value Propositions 175
Table 80. OEM Model (Vertical Aerospace-type) vs. Vertically Integrated Model (Joby/Volocopter-type) 176
Table 81. Comparison of OEM vs. Vertically Integrated Business Models 178
Table 82. Planned eVTOL Manufacturing Facilities: Location, Capacity, OEM, Timeline 181
Table 83. Production Volume Targets by OEM and Year 182
Table 84. Top 10 Aerospace Companies by Revenue and eVTOL-Related Activities 184
Table 85. RTX Corporation eVTOL Technology Investments and Partnerships 185
Table 86. Automotive OEM eVTOL Investments, Partnerships, and Strategic Rationale 188
Table 87. Composite Material Supplier – eVTOL OEM Partnership Matrix 189
Table 88. Key Single-Source Component Risks in eVTOL Supply Chains 190
Table 89. Joby Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification Status, Partners 192
Table 90. Archer Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Partners 194
Table 91. Volocopter: Key Specifications, Certification Progress, Partners 195
Table 92. Vertical Aerospace: Key Specifications, Key Suppliers 196
Table 93. EHang: Key Specifications, Certification, Commercial Operations 198
Table 94. Wisk Aero: Key Specifications, Autonomous Systems 199
Table 95. Eve Air Mobility: Key Specifications, Suppliers, Partners 200
Table 96. Supernal S-A2: Key Specifications 201
Table 97. Airbus eVTOL Projects: Vahana, CityAirbus, CityAirbus NextGen 201
Table 98. SkyDrive SD-05: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification 202
Table 99. Additional eVTOL OEM Summary: Architecture, Country, Status, Backing 204
Table 100. eVTOL OEM Planned Annual Production Capacity Comparison 204
Table 101. Key Supplier Partnerships by eVTOL OEM (Propulsion, Battery, Composites, Avionics) 205
Table 102. Uber Air Mission Profile and Vehicle Requirements 207
Table 103. Agility Prime Participating Companies and Aircraft 210
Table 104. China Low-Altitude Economy: Key Policy Milestones and Designated Test Zones 212
Table 105. China UAM Policy and Regulatory Support Framework 213
Table 106. UK FFC Funded AAM Projects 214
Table 107. Middle Eastern AAM Investment Summary (NEOM, UAE, Saudi Arabia) 215
Table 108. UAM Projects by Region: Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Africa 217
Table 109. eVTOL Battery Wish List: Target Specifications 218
Table 110. Airbus Minimum Battery Requirements for eVTOL 219
Table 111. Uber Air Proposed Battery Requirements 220
Table 112. Li-ion Cathode Chemistry Benchmark: NMC, NCA, LFP 221
Table 113. Li-ion Anode Chemistry Benchmark: Graphite, Silicon, Lithium Metal 222
Table 114. Silicon Anode Technology Status and Commercialisation Timeline 226
Table 115. Battery Pack Size and Weight by eVTOL OEM 229
Table 116. Battery Specifications by eVTOL OEM: Chemistry, Capacity (kWh), Energy Density (Wh/kg), Supplier 230
Table 117. eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rate Trade-Off 232
Table 118. Gravimetric Energy Density Improvement from Module Elimination 232
Table 119. Li-S Battery Value Proposition for eVTOL Aviation 233
Table 120. Li-S Battery Performance Characteristics vs. Li-ion for Aviation Applications 236
Table 121. Thin Film vs. Bulk Solid-State Battery Comparison 238
Table 122. Solid-State Battery Technology Approaches: Ceramic, Sulfide, Polymer, Hybrid 238
Table 123. Solid-State Battery Developer Comparison 239
Table 124. CATL Condensed Battery Specifications and Aviation Applicability 240
Table 125. Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: Energy Density by Chemistry 2024–2036 241
Table 126. Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: Energy Density, Cycle Life, Cost, Safety, Readiness 243
Table 127. Charging Strategy Comparison: Fast Charging vs. Battery Swapping vs. Distributed Modules 245
Table 128. eVTOL Battery Cost Projections by Chemistry 248
Table 129. Key Battery Supplier Profiles: Product, Technology, eVTOL Customers 251
Table 130. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh) 252
Table 131. eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ million) 253
Table 132. Competing eVTOL Charging Standards Comparison: GEACS, CCS, Proprietary 255
Table 133. Estimated Grid Power Requirements by Vertiport Size (kW/MW) 258
Table 134. Vertiport Power Demand Modelling: Peak vs. Average Load 260
Table 135. Off-Grid Charging Technology Options for Remote Vertiports 262
Table 136. Peak Power Demand Decomposition by Vertiport Tier — Chargers vs. Distribution and Balance-of-Plant 264
Table 137. Representative Load Composition — Medium Urban Hub at Peak (≈4.2 MW) 265
Table 138. Peak power demand per vertiport by tier. 266
Table 139. Canonical Vertiport Single-Line Architecture (utility service → aircraft) 267
Table 140. Vertiport Electrical Equipment Schedule by Tier 267
Table 141. Key Electrical Equipment — Function, Rating, Indicative Cost and Lead Time 268
Table 142. Indicative electrical equipment requirement by tier. 269
Table 143. eVTOL Charger Type Comparison 270
Table 144. Representative Charge-Cycle and Duty Profiles by Mission Type 271
Table 145. Charging technologies, charger types and duty cycles. 271
Table 146. Grid Impact and Reinforcement Matrix 272
Table 147. Renewable and DER Integration Options for Vertiports 273
Table 148. Grid impact and reinforcement requirements. 273
Table 149. Energy Storage and Resilience Tiers for Vertiports 274
Table 150. Value Streams from a Vertiport Battery Energy Storage System 275
Table 151. Energy storage and resilience needs by tier. 275
Table 152. Electrical Standards Applicable to Vertiport Charging Infrastructure 276
Table 153. Regulatory and Permitting Factors with Electrical Relevance 277
Table 154. Electrical standards and regulatory factors. 278
Table 155. eVTOL electrical and charging infrastructure: PAM and SAM (excluding China), 2025–2037. 278
Table 156. Mega-trends driving eVTOL infrastructure. 279
Table 157. Infrastructure market timeline, 2025 · 2030 · 2037. 280
Table 158. Serviceable infrastructure market (excluding China) by region, 2030 · 2035 · 2037. 280
Table 159. Infrastructure PAM by application, 2030 · 2035 · 2037. 281
Table 160. Top 10 players across the infrastructure ecosystem. 283
Table 161. Competitive positioning: Schneider Electric vs. Siemens, ABB and Eaton. 283
Table 162. eVTOL infrastructure value chain: scope, vendors and supplier role. 284
Table 163. Key stakeholders, roles and supplier touchpoints. 285
Table 164. Key solution × key buyer opportunity matrix. 285
Table 165. Hydrogen Use Options in Aviation: Combustion, Fuel Cell, Hybrid 287
Table 166. Key Systems Required for Hydrogen eVTOL Aircraft 291
Table 167. PEM Fuel Cell Specifications for eVTOL Applications 295
Table 168. Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape: Fuel Cell and Combustion 296
Table 169. Fuel Cell eVTOL Players: Aircraft, FC System, Range, Payload 297
Table 170. Major Challenges for Hydrogen eVTOL: Infrastructure, Storage, Cost, Safety 298
Table 171. Comparison of Technology Options: Battery, Fuel Cell, Hybrid 299
Table 172. All-Electric Range Comparison — BEV, Fuel Cell, Series Hybrid, Parallel Hybrid (4–5 Seat eVTOL) 301
Table 173. Turbine vs. Piston Engine Hybrid Options for eVTOL 303
Table 174. Hybrid eVTOL SWOT Analysis 305
Table 175. eVTOL Motor and Powertrain Key Requirements 307
Table 176. eVTOL Power Requirement Estimates by Architecture and MTOW (kW) 308
Table 177. Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL OEM and Architecture 310
Table 178. Summary of Traction Motor Types: PMSM, BLDC, Induction, SRM 311
Table 179. Comparison of Traction Motor Construction and Merits 312
Table 180. Motor Efficiency Comparison Across Operating Range 313
Table 181. Differences Between PMSM and BLDC Motors 315
Table 182. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Comparison: Power Density, Torque, Weight, Cost 316
Table 183. Axial Flux Motor Advantages for eVTOL Applications 317
Table 184. Axial Flux Motor Player List and Key Product Specifications 318
Table 185. Benchmark of Commercial Axial Flux Motors: Power, Torque, Weight, Efficiency 319
Table 186. Key Motor Supplier Profiles for eVTOL Applications 320
Table 187. Power Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (kW/kg) 322
Table 188. Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (Nm/kg) 326
Table 189. SiC vs. Si IGBT Inverter Comparison for eVTOL 326
Table 190. Comparison of Lightweight Materials: Aluminium, Titanium, CFRP, GFRP 333
Table 191. Cost-Adjusted Fibre Property Comparison 335
Table 192. Comparison of Relative Fibre Properties 339
Table 193. Resins Overview and Property Comparison: Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics 340
Table 194. Glass Fibre and Thermoplastic Composite Applications in eVTOL 344
Table 195. eVTOL Composite Material Requirements: Structural, Aerodynamic, Fire Resistance 345
Table 196. eVTOL-Composite Supplier Partnership Matrix 353
Table 197. Key Challenges for Composite Manufacturing at eVTOL Scale 354
Table 198. Autonomy Level Definitions for eVTOL Aircraft 357
Table 199. Pilot Skill Level Requirements by Time Period 358
Table 200. Annual New eVTOLs and New Pilots Required 2026–2037 359
Table 201. DAA Technology Options for eVTOL: Radar, Lidar, Optical, ADS-B 362
Table 202. BVLOS Enablement Status by Region 364
Table 203. SDV Technology Transfer from Automotive to eVTOL 365
Table 204. Cybersecurity Threat Categories for eVTOL and UTM Systems 376
Table 205. EASA eVTOL Certification Framework Summary 379
Table 206. EASA SC-VTOL Certification Categories: Basic, Standard, Enhanced 380
Table 207. FAA Certification Pathway for eVTOL: Part 21, Part 23, Part 135 382
Table 208. CAAC Drone/eVTOL Classification System by Weight Category 383
Table 209. China Low-Altitude Economy Key Policy Milestones 384
Table 210. UK CAA eVTOL Regulatory Activity Summary 385
Table 211. DOA and POA Status by eVTOL OEM 386
Table 212. eVTOL Regulatory Approval Status Tracker: OEM, Authority, Status, Expected Date 388
Table 213. Pilot Licensing Framework for eVTOL by Jurisdiction 399
Table 214. Noise Level Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter (dBA) 400
Table 215. OEM Launch Timeline Slippage Analysis 407
Table 216. Vertiport Tier Classification: Basic Landing Pad, Standard Terminal, Full-Service Hub 415
Table 217. Vertiport Tier Concepts 417
Table 218. Vertiport Developer Profiles: Company, Projects, Status, Key Partnerships 422
Table 219. Key Vertiport Technical and Logistical Challenges 427
Table 220. Vertiport Challenge Assessment: Impact vs. Difficulty Matrix 429
Table 221. Vertiport Security Technology Requirements 435
Table 222. Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 441
Table 223. Estimated Vertiport Requirements by Region 2030, 2035, 2036 442
Table 224. Key UTM/ATM System Requirements for AAM 445
Table 225. UTM Standardisation Organisations Worldwide 447
Table 226. Communication Technology Requirements for AAM: 4G/5G, Satellite, Dedicated Aviation 448
Table 227. Global UTM Framework Comparison: USA, EU, China, UK, Japan, South Korea 451
Table 228. EASA UAM Perception Study Key Findings 452
Table 229. UK Public Support Levels by Use Case: Flying Taxis, Air Ambulance, Cargo Delivery 453
Table 230. Safety and Security Considerations for eVTOL Operations 454
Table 231. Noise Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter vs. Ground Vehicles (dBA at Distance) 455
Table 232. Social Licence Building Strategies and UK FFC Initiatives 456
Table 233. Drone-UAM Convergence: Traditional Drones, Cargo Drones, Small UAM Comparison 458
Table 234. Large Cargo Drone Development Programs: Dronamics, Elroy Air, Windracers, Natilus, Pipistrel, Sabrewing 459
Table 235. eCTOL vs. eVTOL: Range, Payload, Infrastructure Requirements Comparison 459
Table 236. SDV Technology Transfer to eVTOL: OTA Updates, AI, Sensor Fusion, Digital Twins 460
Table 237. eVTOL vs. Robotaxi Competitive and Complementary Positioning by Distance 461
Table 238. China Low-Altitude Economy: Market Size Projections and Policy Framework 462
Table 239. North America AAM Market Overview: Regulatory Status, Key OEMs, Planned Routes, Infrastructure 464
Table 240. US eVTOL Planned Route Networks and Vertiport Locations 466
Table 241. European AAM Market Overview: EASA/CAA Status, OEMs, Initiatives 470
Table 242. Asia-Pacific AAM Market Overview by Country 471
Table 243. Asia-Pacific UAM Project Distribution 473
Table 244. Middle Eastern AAM Investment and Infrastructure Plans 479
Table 245. Latin America AAM Market Status 479
Table 246. African AAM Potential: Key Markets and Challenges 480
Table 247. Regional Regulatory Comparison Matrix: FAA, EASA, CAAC, CAA, JCAB, KOCA 480
Table 248. Forecast Methodology: Key Assumptions and Data Sources 489
Table 249. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2037 (Units) 490
Table 250. eVTOL Sales Forecast by World Bank Country Wealth Definition (Units) 490
Table 251. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type 2026–2037 (Units) 491
Table 252. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application 2026–2037 (Units) 491
Table 253. Total Annual eVTOL Demand: Replacement of Legacy eVTOLs vs. New Demand 492
Table 254. Fleet Lifecycle and Replacement Demand Analysis 2026–2040 493
Table 255. eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 494
Table 256. eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast by Segment 2026–2037 (US$ Billion) 494
Table 257. Global Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 494
Table 258. Global eVTOL Workforce Demand Forecast 2026–2037 495
Table 259. Glossary of Key Terms and Acronyms 680
Table 260. eVTOL OEM Certification Status — Major Programmes 681
Table 261. Global eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast — Annual Detail 2026–2037 (US$ Billion) 682
Table 262. UK AAM Economic Impact Summary 683
Table 263. UK AAM Use Case Summary 683
Table 264. Aviation Battery Technology Roadmap 2026–2037 684
Table 265. Key Regulatory Standards and Documents for eVTOL Certification 684
List of Figures
Figure 1. The AAM "5As" Ecosystem Framework 32
Figure 2. The Advanced Air Mobility Ecosystem Value Chain 36
Figure 3. Global AAM Market Revenue 2026–2037 (US$ billion) 38
Figure 4. Different e-VTOL configurations developed from 2016: (a) Tilt-Wing (T-W); (b) Lift+Cruise (L+C) ; (c) Tilt-Rotor (T-R); (d) Multi-Rotor (M-R) 49
Figure 5. Evolution from UAM to AAM: Expanding Scope and Applications 50
Figure 6. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration Example 51
Figure 7. The Advanced Air Mobility Value Chain 64
Figure 8. Multicopter Flight Modes: Hover, Transition, Cruise 71
Figure 9. Lift + Cruise Flight Modes 72
Figure 10. Tiltwing Flight Modes 74
Figure 11. Tiltrotor Flight Modes 76
Figure 12. Joby eVTOL taxis . 112
Figure 13. Rural Private Hire Journey Schematic 112
Figure 14. Expected Industry Consolidation Timeline 181
Figure 15. Li-ion Battery Timeline: Technology and Performance 2010–2036 225
Figure 16. Energy Density Roadmap: Graphite → Silicon Composite → Pure Silicon Anodes 229
Figure 17. Li-S Battery SWOT Analysis 234
Figure 18. Li-S Battery Market Value Chain 236
Figure 19. Lithium-Metal Battery SWOT Analysis 237
Figure 20. Battery Energy Density Roadmap 2024–2036 (Wh/kg): LiPo, Silicon Anode, Solid-State, Li-S, Li-Air 242
Figure 21. Battery Chemistry Radar Chart Comparison for eVTOL — Scores (1–10) 244
Figure 22. eVTOL Battery Cost Trajectory 2024–2036 (US$/kWh) 247
Figure 23. eVTOL Battery Supply Chain: Raw Materials → Cell Manufacturing → Pack Assembly → OEM Integration 250
Figure 24. The GEACS charging system. 256
Figure 25. BETA Technologies Charging Network Concept 257
Figure 26. Peak power demand per vertiport by tier: charging load vs. electrical distribution (MW) 266
Figure 27. Global eVTOL electrical and charging infrastructure: potential vs. serviceable market (excluding China), 2025–2037 (US$ million). 279
Figure 28. Serviceable infrastructure market excluding China, by region, 2037 (US$ million). 281
Figure 29. eVTOL infrastructure potential addressable market by application segment, 2030 vs. 2037 (US$ million). 282
Figure 30. The eVTOL infrastructure value chain. 284
Figure 31. Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Propulsion Architectures 300
Figure 32. Hybrid System Power/Energy Optimisation Curve 301
Figure 33. Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System 305
Figure 34. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration and Motor Placement 309
Figure 35. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Construction 316
Figure 36. Yoked vs. Yokeless Axial Flux Motor Configurations 318
Figure 37. Inverter Power Density Improvement Timeline 330
Figure 38. Weight Breakdown of a Typical eVTOL Aircraft 332
Figure 39. CFRP Supply Chain for eVTOL Manufacturing 344
Figure 40. Composite Material Supply Chain: Fibre → Prepreg → Layup → Curing → Assembly 352
Figure 41. Autonomy Roadmap: Piloted → Supervised → Remote Pilot → Fully Autonomous 356
Figure 42. Typical Sensor Suite for eVTOL: Cameras, Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic, ADS-B 375
Figure 43. eVTOL Certification Timeline: Expected Type Certificate Dates by OEM 398
Figure 44. eVTOL Commercial Launch Timeline: Original Targets vs. Current Expectations 406
Figure 45. Vertiport Infrastructure Ecosystem: Physical, Digital, Energy 414
Figure 46. Vertistops, Vertiports, and Vertihubs 416
Figure 47. CORGAN Stacked Skyport Concept 423
Figure 48. CORGAN Mega Skyport Concept 424
Figure 49. CORGAN Uber Skyport Mobility Hub Concept 424
Figure 50. Hyundai Future Mobility Urban Vision 425
Figure 51. Lilium Scalable Vertiport Design 425
Figure 52. BETA Technologies Recharge Pad Network 426
Figure 53. EHang E-Port Infrastructure Concept 427
Figure 54. UTM/ATM Integration Layers 445
Figure 55. NASA/FAA UAM ConOps 1.0 Framework 447
Figure 56. Digital Infrastructure for AAM: Drone Operations Centre Architecture 450
Figure 57. Expected eVTOL Commercial Service Launch Timeline by Region 487
Figure 58. EHang EH216-S 525
Figure 59. Vertical Aerospace eVOTL aircraft. 559
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