The Global Quantum Sensors Market
報告摘要
Quantum sensing represents a new generation of precision measurement technologies that exploit second-generation quantum mechanical phenomena — superposition, entanglement, and quantum coherence — to surpass the fundamental limits of classical measurement systems. By using quantum particles such as photons or atoms as sensing elements, these devices detect extraordinarily small changes in physical quantities including magnetic fields, gravity, rotation, temperature, time, and electromagnetic spectra, often at the nanoscale and frequently through non-invasive means.
The quantum sensors landscape encompasses a diverse range of device types, including atomic clocks, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs), nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre diamond sensors, quantum gravimeters, quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers, single photon detectors, and quantum radio frequency (RF) sensors. Each platform offers distinct advantages across a broad spectrum of end-use industries spanning healthcare and life sciences, defence and military, environmental monitoring, telecommunications, oil and gas exploration, financial services, and autonomous navigation.
The market is currently transitioning from an emerging phase to an active growth phase, a shift expected to consolidate over the next five to ten years. Sensors are achieving improved precision, stability, and form factors suitable for commercial deployment, while economies of scale and advances in integrated photonics, MEMS vapour cell fabrication, and solid-state laser technologies are steadily reducing costs. Industry roadmaps project that commercial unit prices will fall below $10,000 by approximately 2027–2028, with costs dropping below $5,000 per unit by 2030, enabling wider industrial adoption and integration into high-end commercial equipment.
Miniaturisation is a defining trend. Quantum RF sensors are approaching smartphone-sized packages, and prototype chip-scale atomic magnetometers have already demonstrated volumes below 100 cm³. Further reductions to credit card-sized packages are anticipated by 2030, with fully integrated chip-scale solutions below 1 cm³ projected by the mid-2030s. These advances are underpinned by the transition from discrete optical components to integrated photonic circuits, which significantly reduces both size and manufacturing cost.
The atomic clocks segment is the most commercially mature category. Growth across the broader market is driven by 5G and future 6G infrastructure expansion demanding precision synchronisation, autonomous vehicle deployment requiring quantum-enhanced LiDAR and GPS-independent navigation, defence applications in GPS-denied environments, and emerging quantum technology ecosystems that create synergies between quantum sensing, computing, and communication. Major technology firms including IBM, Google, Microsoft, and Intel continue to dedicate substantial in-house R&D budgets to quantum initiatives, while government programmes worldwide provide critical support for both fundamental research and commercialisation efforts.
Key challenges remain. Manufacturing at scale requires extreme nanoscale precision, high-purity materials with precisely controlled defects, and complex integration of quantum components with control electronics. Competition from well-established conventional sensors, regulatory uncertainty, security and privacy concerns, and the high cost of early-stage systems all present headwinds.
Looking ahead, the medium-term outlook (2028–2031) anticipates expansion into industrial process control and environmental monitoring, integration with 5G/6G networks, and the establishment of quantum sensing industry standards. The longer-term vision (2032 and beyond) encompasses widespread adoption in automotive and aerospace sectors, the emergence of quantum sensing as a service, integration into consumer electronics and IoT devices, and ultimately the development of global quantum sensing networks for applications ranging from climate monitoring to personalised medicine.
The global quantum sensors market is poised for significant growth over the next two decades as miniaturisation, falling costs, and expanding end-use applications accelerate adoption across defence, healthcare, telecommunications, oil and gas, environmental monitoring, transportation, and financial services. This comprehensive market research report provides detailed technology analysis, market forecasts, company profiles, and strategic roadmaps covering the quantum sensors industry from 2026 through 2046.
Report contents include:
In-depth executive summary covering the first and second quantum revolutions, the current quantum technology market landscape, key developments, and industry developments 2024–2026
Detailed investment landscape analysis including quantum technology investments from 2012 to 2025 and major funding rounds in 2024–2025
Global government initiatives and national quantum programmes driving market growth
Comprehensive market drivers, technology challenges, and SWOT analyses for the quantum sensors market and individual sensor types
Technology trends and innovations including miniaturisation roadmaps, cost reduction trajectories, and chip-scale quantum sensor development
Market forecasts and future outlook segmented into short-term (2025–2027), medium-term (2028–2031), and long-term (2032–2046) projections
Global market forecasts for quantum sensors by sensor type, volume, sensor price, and end-use industry from 2018 to 2046
Detailed technology overviews, operating principles, applications, roadmaps, and market forecasts for atomic clocks (including bench/rack-scale and chip-scale), quantum magnetic field sensors (SQUIDs, optically pumped magnetometers, tunnelling magnetoresistance sensors, and nitrogen-vacancy centre diamond sensors), quantum gravimeters, quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers, quantum image sensors, quantum radar, quantum chemical sensors, quantum RF field sensors (including Rydberg atom and NV centre diamond platforms), and quantum NEMS and MEMS
Benchmarking of quantum sensor technologies including technology readiness levels, comparative performance metrics, and current R&D focus areas
Analysis of quantum sensing components including vapour cells, VCSELs, control electronics, and integrated photonic technologies
International standardisation landscape covering ISO/IEC, CEN-CENELEC, IEEE, and national metrology institutes
Emerging applications and use cases including quantum navigation, quantum sensing as a service, and integration with 5G/6G networks
End-use industry analysis spanning healthcare and life sciences, defence and military, environmental monitoring, oil and gas, transportation and automotive, finance, agriculture, construction, and mining
Case studies in healthcare early disease detection, military navigation systems, environmental monitoring, high-frequency trading, and quantum internet secure communication networks
Over 85 company profiles and 89 tables and 50 figures
Companies profiled in this report include Aegiq, Airbus, Aquark Technologies, Artilux, Atomionics, Beyond Blood Diagnostics, Bosch Quantum Sensing, BT, Cerca Magnetics, Chipiron, Chiral Nano AG, Covesion, Delta g, DeteQt, Diatope GmbH, Diffraqtion, Digistain, Element Six, Ephos, EuQlid, Exail Quantum Sensors, Genesis Quantum Technology, ID Quantique, Infleqtion, Ligentec, M Squared Lasers, Mag4Health, Menlo Systems GmbH, Mesa Quantum, Miraex, Munich Quantum Instruments GmbH, NeoCrystech, Neuranics, NIQS Technology Ltd, Nomad Atomics, Nu Quantum, NVision, Phasor Innovation, Photon Force, Polariton Technologies, PsiQuantum, Q.ANT, Qaisec, Q-CTRL, Qingyuan Tianzhiheng Sensing Technology Co. Ltd, QLM Technology, Qnami, QSENSATO, QT Sense B.V., QuantaMap, QuantCAD LLC, Quan2D Technologies, Quantum Brilliance, Quantum Catalyzer (Q-Cat) and more
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目錄 Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 16
1.1 First and second quantum revolutions 16
1.2 Current quantum technology market landscape 18
1.2.1 Key developments 19
1.3 Investment landscape 20
1.4 Global government initiatives 30
1.5 Industry developments 2024-2026 32
1.6 Market Drivers 34
1.7 Market and technology challenges 36
1.8 Technology trends and innovations 37
1.9 Market forecast and future outlook 39
1.9.1 Short-term Outlook (2025-2027) 39
1.9.2 Medium-term Outlook (2028-2031) 39
1.9.3 Long-term Outlook (2032-2046) 40
1.10 Emerging applications and use cases 41
1.11 Quantum Navigation 44
1.12 Benchmarking of Quantum Sensor Technologies 44
1.13 Potential Disruptive Technologies 48
1.14 Market Map 51
1.15 Global market for quantum sensors 55
1.15.1 By sensor type 55
1.15.2 By volume 57
1.15.3 By sensor price 59
1.15.4 By end use industry 61
1.16 Quantum Sensors Roadmapping 64
1.16.1 Atomic clocks 64
1.16.2 Quantum magnetometers 65
1.16.3 Quantum gravimeters 66
1.16.4 Inertial quantum sensors 67
1.16.5 Quantum RF sensors 68
1.16.6 Single photon detectors 69
1.17 International Standardization Landscape 70
1.17.1 ISO/IEC JTC 3 — Quantum Technologies 70
1.17.2 CEN-CENELEC JTC 22 — Quantum Technologies (Europe) 70
1.17.3 IEEE Standards Association 70
1.17.4 Standardization Gaps Identified for Quantum Sensors 70
1.17.5 National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) 70
2 INTRODUCTION 71
2.1 What is quantum sensing? 71
2.2 Types of quantum sensors 71
2.2.1 Comparison between classical and quantum sensors 72
2.3 Quantum Sensing Principles 73
2.4 Quantum Phenomena 74
2.5 Technology Platforms 75
2.6 Quantum Sensing Technologies and Applications 77
2.7 Value proposition for quantum sensors 81
2.8 SWOT Analysis 82
3 QUANTUM SENSING COMPONENTS 84
3.1 Overview 84
3.2 Specialized components 85
3.3 Vapor cells 86
3.3.1 Overview 86
3.3.2 Manufacturing 86
3.3.3 Alkali azides 87
3.3.4 Companies 87
3.4 VCSELs 88
3.4.1 Overview 88
3.4.2 Quantum sensor miniaturization 89
3.4.3 Companies 89
3.5 Control electronics for quantum sensors 90
3.6 Integrated photonic and semiconductor technologies 91
3.7 Challenges 91
3.8 Roadmap 93
4 ATOMIC CLOCKS 96
4.1 Technology Overview 96
4.1.1 Hyperfine energy levels 96
4.1.2 Self-calibration 97
4.2 Markets 98
4.3 Roadmap 99
4.4 High frequency oscillators 102
4.4.1 Emerging oscillators 102
4.5 New atomic clock technologies 102
4.6 Optical atomic clocks 103
4.6.1 Chip-scale optical clocks 105
4.6.2 Rack-sized atomic clocks 106
4.7 Challenge in atomic clock miniaturization 107
4.8 Companies 108
4.9 SWOT analysis 109
4.10 Market forecasts 110
4.10.1 Total market 110
4.10.2 Bench/rack-scale atomic clocks 112
4.10.3 Chip-scale atomic clocks 114
5 QUANTUM MAGNETIC FIELD SENSORS 117
5.1 Technology overview 117
5.1.1 Measuring magnetic fields 118
5.1.2 Sensitivity 119
5.1.3 Motivation for use 119
5.2 Market opportunity 121
5.3 Performance 123
5.4 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (Squids) 124
5.4.1 Introduction 124
5.4.2 Operating principle 125
5.4.3 Applications 126
5.4.4 Companies 128
5.4.5 SWOT analysis 128
5.5 Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs) 129
5.5.1 Introduction 129
5.5.2 Operating principle 129
5.5.3 Applications 130
5.5.3.1 Miniaturization 130
5.5.3.2 Navigation 131
5.5.4 MEMS manufacturing 131
5.5.5 Companies 133
5.5.6 SWOT analysis 133
5.6 Tunneling Magneto Resistance Sensors (TMRs) 134
5.6.1 Introduction 134
5.6.2 Operating principle 134
5.6.3 Applications 135
5.6.4 Companies 136
5.6.5 SWOT analysis 136
5.7 Nitrogen Vacancy Centers (N-V Centers) 137
5.7.1 Introduction 137
5.7.2 Operating principle 137
5.7.3 Applications 138
5.7.4 Synthetic diamonds 139
5.7.5 Companies 141
5.7.6 SWOT analysis 142
5.8 Market forecasts 143
6 QUANTUM GRAVIMETERS 146
6.1 Technology overview 146
6.2 Operating principle 147
6.3 Applications 147
6.3.1 Commercial deployment 148
6.3.2 Comparison with other technologies 149
6.4 Roadmap 151
6.5 Companies 152
6.6 Market forecasts 153
6.7 SWOT analysis 154
7 QUANTUM GYROSCOPES 156
7.1 Technology description 156
7.1.1 Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) 157
7.1.1.1 Atomic quantum gyroscopes 158
7.1.1.2 Quantum accelerometers 160
7.1.1.2.1 Operating Principles 160
7.1.1.2.2 Grating magneto-optical traps (MOTs) 161
7.1.1.2.3 Applications 161
7.1.1.2.4 Companies 162
7.2 Applications 163
7.3 Roadmap 166
7.4 Companies 167
7.5 Market forecasts 167
7.6 SWOT analysis 170
8 QUANTUM IMAGE SENSORS 171
8.1 Technology overview 171
8.1.1 Single photon detectors 172
8.1.2 Semiconductor single photon detectors 172
8.1.3 Superconducting single photon detectors 173
8.2 Applications 174
8.2.1 Single Photon Avalanche Diodes with Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC 175
8.2.2 Bioimaging 176
8.3 SWOT analysis 177
8.4 Market forecast 178
8.5 Companies 180
9 QUANTUM RADAR 183
9.1 Technology overview 183
9.1.1 Quantum entanglement 184
9.1.2 Ghost imaging 185
9.1.3 Quantum holography 186
9.2 Applications 187
9.2.1 Cancer detection 187
9.2.2 Glucose Monitoring 188
10 QUANTUM CHEMICAL SENSORS 189
10.1 Technology overview 189
10.2 Commercial activities 189
11 SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENT USING ENTANGLED PHOTONS 190
11.1 Technology overview 190
11.2 Key techniques 190
11.3 Market size and growth outlook 191
11.4 Key companies and commercial activities 192
11.5 Growth drivers and challenges 192
11.6 Market forecast 193
12 QUANTUM RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) FIELD SENSORS 194
12.1 Overview 194
12.2 Types of Quantum RF Sensors 196
12.3 Rydberg Atom Based Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers 198
12.3.1 Principles 198
12.3.2 Commercialization 199
12.4 Nitrogen-Vacancy Centre Diamond Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers 200
12.4.1 Principles 200
12.4.2 Applications 201
12.5 Market and applications 203
12.6 Market forecast 209
13 QUANTUM NEMS AND MEMS 212
13.1 Technology overview 212
13.2 Types 212
13.3 Applications 213
13.4 Challenges 213
14 CASE STUDIES 215
14.1 Quantum Sensors in Healthcare: Early Disease Detection 215
14.2 Military Applications: Enhanced Navigation Systems 215
14.3 Environmental Monitoring 216
14.4 Financial Sector: High-Frequency Trading 216
14.5 Quantum Internet: Secure Communication Networks 216
15 END-USE INDUSTRIES 218
15.1 Healthcare and Life Sciences 218
15.1.1 Medical Imaging 218
15.1.2 Drug Discovery 218
15.1.3 Biosensing 219
15.2 Defence and Military 219
15.2.1 Navigation Systems 219
15.2.2 Underwater Detection 220
15.2.3 Communication Systems 220
15.3 Environmental Monitoring 221
15.3.1 Climate Change Research 221
15.3.2 Geological Surveys 222
15.3.3 Natural Disaster Prediction 222
15.3.4 Other Applications 222
15.4 Oil and Gas 223
15.4.1 Exploration and Surveying 223
15.4.2 Pipeline Monitoring 224
15.4.3 Other Applications 224
15.5 Transportation and Automotive 225
15.5.1 Autonomous Vehicles 226
15.5.2 Aerospace Navigation 226
15.5.3 Other Applications 226
15.6 Other Industries 227
15.6.1 Finance and Banking 227
15.6.2 Agriculture 227
15.6.3 Construction 227
15.6.4 Mining 227
16 COMPANY PROFILES 229 (87 company profiles)
17 APPENDICES 295
17.1 Research Methodology 295
17.2 Glossary of Terms 296
17.3 List of Abbreviations 299
18 REFERENCES 300
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. First and second quantum revolutions. 16
Table 2. Quantum Sensing Technologies and Applications. 17
Table 3. Quantum Technology investments 2012-2025 (millions USD), total. 20
Table 4. Major Quantum Technologies Investments 2024-2025. 23
Table 5. Global government initiatives in quantum technologies. 31
Table 6. Quantum Sensor industry developments 2024-2026. 32
Table 7. Market Drivers for Quantum Sensors. 34
Table 8. Market and technology challenges in quantum sensing. 36
Table 9. Technology Trends and Innovations in Quantum Sensors. 38
Table 10. Emerging Applications and Use Cases 41
Table 11. Benchmarking of Quantum Sensing Technologies by Type. 44
Table 12. Performance Metrics by Application Domain. 45
Table 13. Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) and Commercialization Status 46
Table 14. Comparative Performance Metrics. 47
Table 15.Current Research and Development Focus Areas 48
Table 16. Potential Disruptive Technologies. 49
Table 17. Global market for quantum sensors, by types, 2018-2046 (Millions USD). 55
Table 18. Global market for quantum sensors, by volume (Units), 2018-2046. 58
Table 19. Global market for quantum sensors, by sensor price, 2025-2046 (Units). 60
Table 20. Global market for quantum sensors, by end use industry, 2018-2046 (Millions USD). 62
Table 21.Types of Quantum Sensors 71
Table 22. Comparison between classical and quantum sensors. 72
Table 23. Applications in quantum sensors. 73
Table 24. Technology approaches for enabling quantum sensing 74
Table 25. Key technology platforms for quantum sensing. 75
Table 26. Quantum sensing technologies and applications. 78
Table 27. Value proposition for quantum sensors. 81
Table 28. Components for quantum sensing. 84
Table 29. Specialized components for atomic and diamond-based quantum sensing. 85
Table 30. Companies in Chip-Scale Vapor Cell Development. 87
Table 31. Companies in VCSELs for Quantum Sensing. 89
Table 32. Challenges for Quantum Sensor Components. 92
Table 33. Key challenges and limitations of quartz crystal clocks vs. atomic clocks. 96
Table 34. Atomic clocks End users and addressable markets. 98
Table 35. Key Market Inflection Points and Technology Transitions. 101
Table 36. New modalities being researched to improve the fractional uncertainty of atomic clocks. 104
Table 37. Companies developing high-precision quantum time measurement 108
Table 38. Key players in atomic clocks. 110
Table 39. Global market for atomic clocks 2025-2046 (Billions USD). 111
Table 40. Global market for Bench/rack-scale atomic clocks, 2026-2046 (Millions USD). 113
Table 41. Global market for Chip-scale atomic clocks, 2026-2046 (Millions USD). 115
Table 42. Comparative analysis of key performance parameters and metrics of magnetic field sensors. 118
Table 43. Types of magnetic field sensors. 120
Table 44. Market opportunity for different types of quantum magnetic field sensors. 122
Table 45. Performance of magnetic field sensors. 124
Table 46. Applications of SQUIDs. 126
Table 47. Market opportunities for SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices). 127
Table 48. Key players in SQUIDs. 128
Table 49. Applications of optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs). 130
Table 50. MEMS Manufacturing Techniques for Miniaturized OPMs. 132
Table 51. Key players in Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs). 133
Table 52. Applications for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors. 135
Table 53. Market players in TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors. 136
Table 54. Applications of N-V center magnetic field centers 138
Table 55. Quantum Grade Diamond. 139
Table 56. Synthetic Diamond Value Chain for Quantum Sensing. 140
Table 57. Key players in N-V center magnetic field sensors. 142
Table 58. Global market forecasts for quantum magnetic field sensors, by type, 2025-2046 (Millions USD). 144
Table 59. Applications of quantum gravimeters 147
Table 60. Comparative table between quantum gravity sensing and some other technologies commonly used for underground mapping. 149
Table 61. Key players in quantum gravimeters. 152
Table 62. Global market for Quantum gravimeters 2025-2046 (Millions USD). 153
Table 63. Comparison of quantum gyroscopes with MEMs gyroscopes and optical gyroscopes. 156
Table 64. Comparison of Quantum Gyroscopes with MEMS Gyroscopes and Optical Gyroscopes. 159
Table 65. Key Players in Quantum Accelerometers. 162
Table 66. Markets and applications for quantum gyroscopes. 165
Table 67. Key players in quantum gyroscopes. 167
Table 68. Global market for for quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers 2026-2046 (millions USD). 168
Table 69. Types of quantum image sensors and their key features. 171
Table 70. Applications of quantum image sensors. 174
Table 71. SPAD Bioimaging Applications. 177
Table 72. Global market for quantum image sensors 2025-2046 (Millions USD). 179
Table 73. Key players in quantum image sensors. 181
Table 74. Comparison of quantum radar versus conventional radar and lidar technologies. 184
Table 75. Applications of quantum radar. 187
Table 76. Key spectroscopic techniques using entangled photons and their applications. 190
Table 77. Related market segments and their relevance to spectroscopic measurement using entangled photons 191
Table 78. Estimated market size for spectroscopic measurement using entangled photons, 2025–2036 (USD Millions) 193
Table 79. Value Proposition of Quantum RF Sensors 194
Table 80. Types of Quantum RF Sensors 196
Table 81. Markets for Quantum RF Sensors 203
Table 82. Technology Transition Milestones. 207
Table 83. Application-Specific Adoption Timeline 208
Table 84. Global market for quantum RF sensors 2026-2046 (Millions USD). 210
Table 85.Types of Quantum NEMS and MEMS. 212
Table 86. Quantum Sensors in Healthcare and Life Sciences. 218
Table 87. Quantum Sensors in Defence and Military 219
Table 88. Quantum Sensors in Environmental Monitoring 221
Table 89. Quantum Sensors in Oil and Gas 223
Table 90. Quantum Sensors in Transportation. 225
Table 91.Glossary of terms. 296
Table 92. List of Abbreviations. 299
List of Figures
Figure 1. Quantum computing development timeline. 18
Figure 2. Quantum Technology investments 2012-2025 (millions USD), total. 21
Figure 3. National quantum initiatives and funding. 31
Figure 4. Quantum Sensors: Market and Technology Roadmap to 2040. 41
Figure 5. Quantum sensor industry market map. 54
Figure 6. Global market for quantum sensors, by types, 2018-2046 (Millions USD). 57
Figure 7. Global market for quantum sensors, by volume, 2018-2046. 59
Figure 8. Global market for quantum sensors, by sensor price, 2025-2046 (Units). 61
Figure 9. Global market for quantum sensors, by end use industry, 2018-2046 (Millions USD). 63
Figure 10. Atomic clocks roadmap. 64
Figure 11. Quantum magnetometers roadmap. 66
Figure 12. Quantum gravimeters roadmap. 67
Figure 13. Inertial quantum sensors roadmap. 68
Figure 14. Quantum RF sensors roadmap. 68
Figure 15. Single photon detectors roadmap. 69
Figure 16. Q.ANT quantum particle sensor. 82
Figure 17. SWOT analysis for quantum sensors market. 83
Figure 18. Roadmap for quantum sensing components and their applications. 95
Figure 19. Atomic clocks market roadmap. 101
Figure 20. Strontium lattice optical clock. 103
Figure 21. NIST's compact optical clock. 105
Figure 22. SWOT analysis for atomic clocks. 110
Figure 23. Global market for atomic clocks 2025-2046 (Billions USD). 112
Figure 24. Global market for Bench/rack-scale atomic clocks, 2026-2046 (Millions USD). 114
Figure 25. Global market for Chip-scale atomic clocks, 2026-2046 (Millions USD). 116
Figure 26. Quantum Magnetometers Market Roadmap. 123
Figure 27.Principle of SQUID magnetometer. 125
Figure 28. SWOT analysis for SQUIDS. 129
Figure 29. SWOT analysis for OPMs 134
Figure 30. Tunneling magnetoresistance mechanism and TMR ratio formats. 134
Figure 31. SWOT analysis for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors. 137
Figure 32. SWOT analysis for N-V Center Magnetic Field Sensors. 143
Figure 33. Global market forecasts for quantum magnetic field sensors, by type, 2025-2046 (Millions USD). 145
Figure 34. Quantum Gravimeter. 146
Figure 35. Quantum gravimeters Market roadmap. 152
Figure 36. Global market for Quantum gravimeters 2025-2046 (Millions USD). 154
Figure 37. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gravimeters. 155
Figure 38. Inertial Quantum Sensors Market roadmap. 167
Figure 39. Global market for quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers 2026-2046 (millions USD). 169
Figure 40. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gyroscopes. 170
Figure 41. SWOT analysis for Quantum image sensing. 178
Figure 42. Global market for quantum image sensors 2025-2046 (Millions USD). 180
Figure 43. Principle of quantum radar. 183
Figure 44. Illustration of a quantum radar prototype. 184
Figure 45. Quantum RF Sensors Market Roadmap (2023-2046). 207
Figure 46. Global market for quantum RF sensors 2026-2046 (Millions USD). 211
Figure 47. ColdQuanta Quantum Core (left), Physics Station (middle) and the atoms control chip (right). 248
Figure 48. PsiQuantum’s modularized quantum computing system networks. 260
Figure 49. Quantum Brilliance device 269
Figure 50. SpinMagIC quantum sensor. 291
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