The Global Physical AI Market
報告摘要
Industrial automation and smart manufacturing; autonomous vehicles and mobility systems; humanoid and service robots; smart infrastructure and the built environment; healthcare and medical Physical AI; agritech and environmental Physical AI; defence, security and dual-use Physical AI; space robotics and extreme environments; consumer Physical AI and smart home
Physical AI — systems that sense, decide, and act in the physical world — is the defining technology market of the coming two decades, extending machine intelligence from screens into machines, vehicles, and environments. It spans nine primary vertical sectors — industrial automation, autonomous vehicles and mobility, humanoid and service robots, smart infrastructure, healthcare, agritech, defence, space, and consumer systems — plus a wearable-electronics interface layer and the semiconductor foundation underpinning all of them. In aggregate the market surpasses $430 billion by 2030, crosses $1 trillion around 2035–2040, and approaches $1.6 trillion by 2040, as compute shifts from data-centre training toward real-time edge inference and safety-critical embedded control.
2025 marked an inflection — the first year the full deployment stack matured simultaneously, spanning perception, foundation models, actuation, edge compute, and simulation. The frontier problem has shifted from single-unit capability to fleet-scale coordination: orchestrating heterogeneous, multi-vendor robot fleets toward shared objectives, where vendor-agnostic orchestration software is becoming as strategically valuable as any individual robot. Maturity varies sharply by application — warehouse robots, cobots, surgical systems, and wearables are commercially deployed and reliable, while general-purpose humanoids and domestic robots remain years from the reliability and cost viability that mass adoption requires. Safety certification is emerging as the binding deployment gate, with initiatives such as NVIDIA's Halos and BlackBerry QNX formalising certification to functional-safety standards for robots operating uncaged alongside humans — shifting the constraint on commercial deployment from "capable enough" to "safe enough and certifiable."
The market's defining feature is that no single geography has yet combined the four ingredients that decide leadership: frontier intelligence, low-cost manufacturing, certified trustworthiness, and deployment density. The United States leads on intelligence and orchestration software; China on manufacturing cost and volume; Japan on deployment density, now reinforced by a $65 billion sovereign Physical AI commitment targeting over 30% of the global robotics market by 2040; and Europe on an industrial-physics wedge exemplified by Mistral's acquisition of Emmi AI. Public markets have begun repricing the theme, with LG Electronics tripling on its robotics pivot and legacy operating-system and silicon vendors recast as physical-AI infrastructure. The result is an open race whose outcome remains genuinely undetermined — and in which value is rotating toward the deployment, safety, and hardware layers, where revenue is nearest-term and the structural advantages of incumbency and scale are only beginning to assert themselves.
The Global Physical AI Market 2027-2040 provides complete strategic intelligence on the global Physical AI market, with long-horizon forecasts across nine primary vertical sectors plus the wearable-electronics interface layer and the foundational semiconductor stack. It applies a Three-Wave Adoption Framework — Industrial Proving Ground, Cross-Sector Expansion, and Consumer and Sovereign Deployment — and includes TRL assessments by application, regional competitive analysis, regulatory and sovereignty mapping, and detailed profiles of 650+ companies across the value chain.
This 2027 edition captures the developments that reshaped the market over the past year:
Record capital: Physical AI raised a record $75 billion plus in 2025 as the full deployment stack matured simultaneously.
The coordination frontier: competition has shifted from single-unit capability to fleet-scale orchestration of heterogeneous, multi-vendor robots.
The safety-certification gate: certified functional safety — through systems such as NVIDIA Halos and BlackBerry QNX — is now the binding constraint on uncaged, human-adjacent deployment.
Consolidation: frontier labs are acquiring industrial-physics capability (Mistral/Emmi AI) and fleet operators are buying manipulation (Bear Robotics/Kinisi).
Public-market repricing: LG Electronics tripled on its robotics pivot as markets reprice physical-AI infrastructure.
Report contents include:
Executive Summary — The Physical AI moment; top-line findings; the Three-Wave adoption framework; the past year's decisive shifts; the investment surge; and the Open Race thesis
Introduction — What Physical AI is; the Sense-Decide-Act triad; why deployment is viable now; and the strategic market arenas
Core Technology Architecture — Sensing and perception; Vision-Language-Action and foundation models; actuation and dexterous manipulation; edge computing and fleet orchestration; simulation and digital twins; and energy
The Embodiment Gap and Technology Maturity — Where Physical AI surpasses humans; where the gap remains; and TRL assessment by application
Semiconductor and Hardware Ecosystem — AI chip market and architectures; the component value chain; and supply chain and geopolitical risk
Global Physical AI Market: Aggregate Size and Growth 2027–2040 — Market scope; value pool distribution; and three-scenario forecasts
Industrial Automation and Smart Manufacturing — Robotics, cobots, quality inspection, predictive maintenance, warehouse automation, and company profiles
Autonomous Vehicles and Mobility Systems — Self-driving cars, freight, drones, delivery robots, maritime, eVTOL, and company profiles
Humanoid and Service Robots — Pilots to production; competitive landscape; pricing; and company profiles
Smart Infrastructure and the Built Environment — Building AI, energy management, security and patrol robots, and company profiles
Healthcare and Medical Physical AI — Surgical robotics, exoskeletons, hospital robots, diagnostics, and company profiles
AgriTech and Environmental Physical AI — Autonomous field equipment, precision agriculture, drones, and company profiles
Defence, Security and Dual-Use Physical AI — UAVs, UGVs, maritime systems, counter-UAS, and company profiles
Space Robotics and Extreme Environments — Planetary exploration, in-space servicing, extreme-environment robots, and company profiles
Consumer Physical AI and Smart Home — Robot vacuums, smart home, outdoor and companion robots, and company profiles
Wearable Electronics and Physical AI Integration — Market segmentation; XR, smartwatches, medical wearables, hearables, rings, e-textiles; and company profiles
Regional Markets — North America, Europe, China, and Rest of World
Competitive Landscape and Investment — Investment themes; competitive dynamics; and the M&A landscape
Key Barriers — Technical, economic, and regulatory barriers
Regulatory Frameworks — US, EU, and China; and the emerging safety-certification regime
Physical AI Sovereignty and Geopolitics — US-China competition; Europe's dilemma; and the middle-power opportunity
Emerging Physical AI Frontiers (2028–2040) — Brain-computer interfaces, quantum sensing, and climate Physical AI
Companies profiled include ABB Robotics, ABB Smart Buildings, Abbott, Abbott (FreeStyle Libre CGM), Accuray, Activ Surgical, Adidas, Advanced Farm Technologies, AeiRobot, Aeolus Robotics, AeroFarms, AeroVironment, Aethon (TUG), AGCO Corporation, AgEagle, Agersens, Agibot / Zhiyuan Robot, Agility Robotics, AgriTask, Agrobot, AGROINTELLI, Agtonomy, AI SpaceFactory, AiCure, Aidoc, AiQ Smart Clothing, Airbus (Zephyr HAPS), AirMap, AirSeed Technologies, AliveCor (KardiaMobile), ALS (Automated Laboratory Systems), Altitude Angel, Altius Space Machines, AltoVolo, Amazfit / Zepp Health, Amazon Prime Air, Amazon Robotics, Ambi Robotics, Analog Devices, Andromeda, Anduril Industries, ANRA Technologies, ANYbotics, Aohang Intelligent Technology, APOTECAchemo, Apple, Apple (Vision Pro), Applied Intuition, Apptronik, Aquabotix, Arable, Archer Aviation, ARX Robotics, ARxIUM, Ascendance Flight Technologies, Asensus Surgical (KARL STORZ), ASI Mining, Astribot, Astrobotic Technology, Astroscale, Atlas Elektronik, AUBO Robotics, Aurora Innovation, Auterion, AutoFlight, AutoGrid, Automated Packaging Systems, AutoStore, Ava Robotics, Avidbots, Axibo, Axis Communications, Axon Enterprise (TASER / AI Defence), Baidu Apollo Go, Balyo, Bang & Olufsen, Barnstorm AgTech, Bastian Solutions, BD (Becton Dickinson) / BD Rowa / BD Pyxis, Bear Robotics, Bedrock Robotics, BeeHero, Bell Flight (Bell Textron) — Nexus / APT, Berkshire Grey, BETA Technologies, Beyond Imagination, Biofourmis, BioIntellisense, Bionik Labs, Blue In, Blue Origin, Blue River Technology (John Deere), Blue White Robotics, Boardwalk Robotics, Boart Longyear, Boeing (space systems), Boeing / Wisk Aero, Bonsai Robotics, Booster Robotics, Borg Robotics, Bosch, Bosch Sensortec, Bose, Boston Dynamics, Boston Dynamics (Spot), Brain Corp, Brainbox AI, Brainlab, Breaker Industries, BridgeDP Robotics, Bright Machines, BrightFarms, BROKK, BuildingIQ, Built Robotics, Bureau Veritas, Burro, BXI Robotics, C3.ai, CACI International, Camus Energy, Carbon Robotics, CardieX, Carrier Global, Caterpillar, Cattle Eye, Circular, Clearpath Robotics, ClearSpace, Clone Robotics, CNH Industrial (Case IH / New Holland), Cobalt Robotics, Coco, Cognex, Comau, Connecterra, Contoro Robotics, CopperTree Analytics, Corindus (Siemens Healthineers), Covariant, Cowlar, CropX, Cubic Farm Systems, Current Health, Cyberdyne, Cyberdyne (HAL), CycloTech, D-Orbit, Daikin, DARPA (RSGS program), Dascena, Dataa Robotics, Dedrone (Axon), Deep Robotics, Deep Trekker, DEKA Research, DeLaval, Denso Robotics, Devanthro, Dexcom, Diehl Aviation, Digger DTR, Diligent Robotics, DistalMotion, DJI, Dobot Robotics, Doccla, Dogtooth Technologies, DOK-ING, Doosan Robotics, Doroni Aerospace, Dreame Technology, Dronamics, DroneDeploy, Dufour Aerospace, Dusty Robotics, Dwbrobot, Dyna Robotics, Dynium Robot, Dürr, EarthSense, ECA Group, Ecobee, Ecorobotix, Ecovacs, Eden Green Technology, Ehang, Einride, Eka Robotics, Ekso Bionics, Elbit Systems, Electron Robots, Elephant Robotics, Elevate Farms, Elexon Mining, Elroy Air, Embodied Inc, Emerson Electric / AspenTech, Emesent, Emmi AI, Emotiv, Enchanted Tools, EngineAI, Engineered Arts, Enkel Energi, Enlighted (Siemens), Enline Energy, Epi-Watch, Epiroc, Epirus, Epoch Robotics / ROBOTERA, Epson (Moverio), Epson Robots, Equivital, ERC System, Eureka Robotics, Eve Air Mobility, Eviation, Exyn Technologies, FANUC, Farm-ng, FarmWise, FDROBOT, Ferrovial Vertiports, Fetch Robotics / Zebra Technologies, FFRobotics, Field AI, Figure AI, Fitbit (Google), FLIR Systems / Teledyne FLIR, FLSmidth, Flyability, Flytrex, Formic, ForwardX Robotics, Foundation Robotics, Four Growers, Fourier Intelligence, Foxglove, Freight Farms, Furhat Robotics, Galaxea AI, Galbot, Garmin, Gather AI, Gatik, Gauzy, GE Aerospace (eVTOL / AAM Division), GE HealthCare, GEA, Geek+, Generalist, Generation Robots, Generative Bionics, Genetec, Ghost Robotics, GITAI, Globus Medical, Gradient Comfort, Gravis Robotics, Greeneye Technology, GreyOrange, Hanson Robotics, Harvest Automation, Harvest CROO Robotics, Heart Aerospace, Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence, HID Global, Hirebotics, Hitachi, Hocoma, Holiday Robotics, Honda, Honeywell Building Management, Honeywell Intelligrated, Horizon Aircraft, HTC (Vive XR), Huawei, Hullbot, Humanoid (SKL Robotics), Huntington Ingalls Industries (REMUS), Hylio, i.v.STATION, IBM, IBM Maximo, ICON (extraterrestrial construction), Inceptio, iniVation AG, InOrbit.AI, InstantEye Robotics, IntBot, Interactive Wear, InteraXon (Muse), InTouch Health (Teladoc), Intuitive Machines, Intuitive Surgical, Inuktun, InVia Robotics, iRhythm, Iron Ox, Isansys Lifecare, Ispace, Itron, Jabra (GN Audio), JAKA Robotics, Jaunt Air Mobility, JBT Corporation, Joby Aviation, John Deere, Johnson & Johnson MedTech (OTTAVA), Johnson Controls, JOZ-Tech, JuneBrain, K-Scale Labs, K.U.L.T, KAKTI, Kaman (KMAX), Kawada Robotics, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Robotics, Keenon Robotics, Kepler Exploration Robotics, Kernel, Keybotic, Kinestral Technologies, KION Group, Kiwibot, KNAPP, Knightscope, KODE Labs, Kodiak Robotics, Koidra, Komatsu, KONE, Kratos Defense, Kuafu, Kubota, KUKA, kyDrive, L3Harris Technologies, Landis+Gyr, Laronix, Leju Robotics, Lely, Leonardo DRS, Levi Strauss (Project Jacquard), Levita Magnetics, Liebherr, LifeSignals Group, Lilium, LimX Dynamics, Lockheed Martin, Locus Robotics, Loki Robotics, Lucid Audio, Lumos Robotics, Lunar Outpost, Macco Robotics, MacLean Engineering, Magic Leap, MagicLab, Malloy Aeronautics, Manna Drone Delivery, MANUS Technology Group, MARTAC, Masimo and more
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目錄 Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 40
1.1 The Physical AI Moment 41
1.1.1 The Macro Pull: Why Physical AI Is Structurally Inevitable 41
1.2 Top-Line Market Findings 42
1.2.1 Semiconductor Foundation 42
1.3 Three-Wave Adoption Framework 43
1.3.1 The Cost Compression Curve: From Enterprise to Consumer 44
1.4 The Investment Surge: Capital Follows Conviction 45
1.5 Strategic Imperatives: The Window Is Narrow 46
1.6 THE OPEN RACE: Who Leads the Physical AI Era? 46
1.6.1 What Victory Looks Like: The Three Combinations That Win 48
1.7 The Past Twelve Months 48
1.7.1 Funding crossed a record — and changed shape. 48
1.7.2 The frontier problem became coordination, not capability 48
1.7.3 Safety certification emerged as the deployment gate 49
1.7.4 Sovereign capital entered, led by Japan 49
1.7.5 The frontier labs moved into the physical economy 49
1.8 Public Markets Reprice Physical AI 49
1.9 Market revenues to 2040 49
1.10 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 51
1.11 What This Report Covers 52
2 INTRODUCTION: THE PHYSICAL AI REVOLUTION 53
2.1 What Is Physical AI? 53
2.2 The AI Technology Stack: Where Physical AI Sits 53
2.3 What Has Changed: Why Physical AI Is Deployable Now 54
2.4 The Defining Thesis: An Open Race 55
2.5 Market Architecture: The Seven Strategic Arenas 56
3 CORE TECHNOLOGY ARCHITECTURE 57
3.1 The Physical AI Triad: Sense, Decide, Act 57
3.2 Sensing and Perception Layer 57
3.2.1 Multimodal Sensor Fusion 57
3.2.2 Wearable and On-Body Sensor Integration 58
3.2.3 Event-Based Cameras: The Next Perception Frontier 59
3.3 Decision-Making and Reasoning Layer 59
3.3.1 Vision-Language-Action Models: The New Architectural Standard 59
3.3.2 Physical Intelligence (π) and the Foundation Model Race 60
3.3.3 World Models and Physical Simulation: The NVIDIA Cosmos Platform 61
3.3.4 Reinforcement Learning and Imitation Learning 61
3.3.5 Open-Source and Democratization of Robotics AI 62
3.4 Actuation and Control Layer 63
3.4.1 Actuator Technologies 63
3.4.2 The Dexterous Manipulation Problem: The 31% BOM Challenge 63
3.4.3 Wearable Actuators: Haptics, Exoskeletal, and Therapeutic 64
3.5 Flexible, Stretchable, and Biointegrated Electronics: The New Materials Platform 64
3.5.1 Advanced Materials: The Enabling Layer 64
3.5.1.1 Graphene and 2D Materials 65
3.5.1.2 Silver Nanowires and Conductive Inks 66
3.5.1.3 Piezoelectric Polymers (PVDF) 67
3.5.1.4 Electroactive Nanomaterials 68
3.5.1.5 Cellulose and Sustainable Biopolymers 69
3.5.1.6 Magnetically Responsive Materials 70
3.5.1.7 Ionic Conductors and Hydrogel Electronics 70
3.5.1.8 Phase Change Materials for Thermal Management 70
3.5.1.9 Metamaterials and Architected Materials 70
3.5.2 Flexible Hybrid Electronics (FHE) for Physical AI 71
3.5.3 Stretchable Artificial Skin and Electronic Skin Systems 71
3.5.4 E-Textiles and Smart Apparel 71
3.6 Onboard and Edge Computing for Physical AI 71
3.6.1 The Real-Time Processing Imperative 71
3.6.2 NVIDIA Jetson Thor: The Physical AI Compute Standard 72
3.6.2.1 2026 developments 73
3.6.3 Fleet Intelligence and Distributed Learning Networks 73
3.6.4 Connectivity 74
3.7 Simulation and Digital Twin Infrastructure 74
3.7.1 The Simulation Imperative 74
3.7.2 The Sim-to-Real Gap: The Remaining Challenge 74
3.8 Energy Storage and Harvesting 75
3.8.1 Battery Technology Roadmap 75
3.8.2 Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs): Body-Powered Physical AI 75
3.8.3 Smart Building Energy Integration 76
4 THE EMBODIMENT GAP AND TECHNOLOGY MATURITY 77
4.1 Where Physical AI Surpasses Human Performance 77
4.2 Where the Embodiment Gap Remains Critical 77
4.3 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Assessment by Application 78
5 SEMICONDUCTOR AND HARDWARE ECOSYSTEM 79
5.1 The Physical AI Chip Landscape 79
5.1.1 AI Chip Market Size and Growth 2024–2034 79
5.1.2 Architecture Breakdown: GPU, FPGA, ASIC 81
5.1.3 Key Players by Category 83
5.2 Component Market Value Chain 84
5.2.1 Actuators and Transmissions 84
5.2.2 Sensors and Perception Hardware 84
5.2.3 Computing and Control Systems 85
5.2.4 Power Systems and Batteries 86
5.3 Supply Chain Risk and Geopolitical Exposure 87
5.3.1 Government Funding — The Strategic Investment Race 87
5.4 Market Challenges to AI Chip Deployment 88
6 GLOBAL PHYSICAL AI MARKET: AGGREGATE SIZE AND GROWTH 2026–2040 89
6.1 Framing the Market 89
6.2 The Three-Wave Adoption Framework: Detailed Structure 90
6.2.1 Wave 1: Industrial Proving Ground (2026–2030) 90
6.2.2 Wave 2: Cross-Sector Expansion (2030–2040) 90
6.2.3 Wave 3: Consumer and Sovereign Deployment (2035–2040) 91
6.3 Value Pool Distribution Across the Stack 91
6.4 Three-Scenario Revenue Forecasts 2026–2040 92
6.5 The Robotics Market Specifically: Sizing the Core 93
7 INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND SMART MANUFACTURING 95
7.1 Market Overview and Strategic Context 95
7.2 Robotic Arms and Pick-and-Place Automation 95
7.2.1 Industrial Robot Market Structure 95
7.2.2 The AI Transition in Industrial Robotics 96
7.2.3 Pick-and-Place: From Fixed Programs to Foundation Models 97
7.3 Computer Vision Quality Inspection 97
7.3.1 Performance Capabilities 97
7.3.2 Application Domains 98
7.3.3 The AI Revolution in Quality: From Fixed Templates to Adaptive Learning 98
7.4 Collaborative Robots (Cobots) Working Alongside Humans 98
7.4.1 The Cobot Market: Structure and Growth 98
7.4.2 Safety Standards and the ISO/TS 15066 Framework 100
7.4.3 Human-Robot Collaboration ROI: Case Studies 100
7.5 Predictive Maintenance on Physical Equipment 100
7.5.1 Market Size and Value Proposition 100
7.5.2 Sensor-Fusion Monitoring: Vibration, Thermal, Acoustic 101
7.5.3 Industrial Wearables for Worker Safety and Ergonomics 101
7.6 AI-Driven Warehouse and Supply Chain Automation 102
7.6.1 The Warehouse: Physical AI's Commercial Proving Ground 102
7.6.2 Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs): The Foundation Layer 102
7.6.3 Fleet Intelligence: The Data Flywheel in Action 103
7.7 Smart Building AI: Physical AI in the Built Environment 103
7.7.1 What Makes a Building "Smart" from a Physical AI Perspective 103
7.7.2 HVAC Optimization: The Largest Energy Reduction Opportunity 103
7.7.3 Smart Glazing: AI-Integrated Electrochromic Windows 104
7.7.4 Security Patrol Robots in Smart Buildings 104
7.8 Digital Twins and Smart Factory Orchestration 105
7.8.1 The Digital Twin Revolution in Manufacturing 105
7.9 Market Drivers and Challenges 105
7.10 Company Profiles 107 (92 company profiles)
8 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES AND MOBILITY SYSTEMS 200
8.1 Market Overview and Strategic Context 200
8.2 Self-Driving Cars: From Proof of Concept to Commercial Reality 201
8.2.1 The SAE Autonomy Framework: Where We Stand 201
8.2.2 Waymo: The Unambiguous Leader 202
8.2.3 Tesla Full Self-Driving: The Vision-Only Alternative 203
8.2.4 Chinese Autonomous Vehicle Leaders: Baidu Apollo and Pony.ai 203
8.3 Autonomous Freight: The Commercial Logic is Compelling 204
8.3.1 The Economics of Driverless Trucking 204
8.3.2 Aurora Innovation: First Commercial Driverless Freight Service 204
8.3.3 The Autonomous Freight Market Opportunity 205
8.4 Autonomous Drones: Three Commercial Markets 205
8.4.1 Delivery Drones: Last-Mile Economics and Regulatory Progress 205
8.4.2 Surveying, Inspection, and Industrial Drones 206
8.4.3 Military and Surveillance Drones 206
8.5 Last-Mile Delivery Robots: Sidewalk Autonomy 206
8.5.1 The Sidewalk Robot Market 206
8.6 Autonomous Maritime Systems 207
8.6.1 Commercial Shipping: The Port-to-Port Opportunity 207
8.6.2 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in Commercial Applications 207
8.7 Air Taxis and Urban Air Mobility: The eVTOL Market 208
8.7.1 Market Context and the Shakeout to Date 208
8.7.2 eVTOL Market Forecast 2026–2040 208
8.7.3 The Certification Landscape: Who Is Winning the Race 211
8.7.4 Joby Aviation: The Consensus Frontrunner 211
8.7.5 Archer Aviation and the Stellantis Manufacturing Partnership 212
8.7.6 Vertiport Infrastructure: The Missing Link 212
8.8 Regulatory Landscape: The Jurisdiction-by-Jurisdiction Challenge 213
8.8.1 SAE Level 4/5 Regulation by Jurisdiction 213
8.9 Company Profiles 214
8.9.1 SELF-DRIVING CARS AND ROBOTAXIS 214 (12 company profiles)
8.9.2 AUTONOMOUS TRUCKING AND FREIGHT 227 (8 company profiles)
8.9.3 LAST-MILE DELIVERY ROBOTS (SIDEWALK) 235 (5 company profiles)
8.9.4 DELIVERY DRONES 241 (7 comapmy profiles)
8.9.5 AUTONOMOUS MARITIME SYSTEMS 250 (3 company profiles)
8.9.6 eVTOL AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS 253 (37 company profiles)
8.9.7 VERTIPORT AND UAM INFRASTRUCTURE 291 (4 company profiles)
8.9.8 AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT AND UTM PLATFORMS 295 (4 company profiles)
9 HUMANOID AND SERVICE ROBOTS 299
9.1 Market Overview: From Pilots to Production 299
9.2 The Three-Wave Adoption Framework 300
9.2.1 Wave 1: Industrial Applications (2025–2030) 300
9.2.2 Wave 2: Consumer/Developer (2027–2033) 301
9.2.3 Wave 3: Medical/Elder Care (2030–2040+) 301
9.3 Competitive Landscape 301
9.4 Average Selling Price Trajectory 302
9.5 Regional Dynamics 302
9.6 Company Profiles 303 (110 company profiles)
10 SMART INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 414
10.1 Market Overview 414
10.2 AI-Driven HVAC and Energy Management 415
10.2.1 The AI HVAC optimization stack 415
10.3 Smart Grid and Energy Infrastructure AI 416
10.4 Digital Twins for Infrastructure 417
10.5 Physical Security and Patrol Robots in Infrastructure 417
10.6 Smart Building AI: Physical AI Perspective 418
10.7 Company Profiles 419
10.7.1 BUILDING AI PLATFORMS AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 419 (22 company profiles)
10.7.2 SECURITY, ACCESS CONTROL AND SURVEILLANCE AI 441 (5 company profiles)
10.7.3 PATROL AND SECURITY ROBOTS 446 (2 company profiles)
10.7.4 CLEANING AND DISINFECTION ROBOTS 448 (9 company profiles)
10.7.5 SMART ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS AND VERTICAL TRANSPORT 457 (4 company profiles)
10.7.6 SMART ENERGY AND GRID AI 461 (12 company profiles)
10.7.7 AI-CONTROLLED SMART GLAZING 473 (4 company profiles)
10.7.8 SMART HVAC AND CLIMATE AI 477 (6 company profiles)
11 HEALTHCARE AND MEDICAL PHYSICAL AI 483
11.1 Market Overview: The Healthcare Physical AI Opportunity 483
11.2 Robotics: The Fastest-Growing Medical Device Segment 484
11.3 Medical Exoskeletons 485
11.4 Hospital Logistics and Clinical Support Robots 486
11.4.1 Deployed platforms 486
11.5 AI Diagnostic and Clinical Decision Support 487
11.6 Company Profiles 488 (63 company profiles)
12 AGRITECH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICAL AI 551
12.1 Market Overview: Agriculture's Physical AI Inflection Point 551
12.2 Autonomous Tractors and Field Equipment 553
12.2.1 The Autonomous Tractor: From Autosteer to Full Autonomy 553
12.2.2 Weeding Robots: The Killer App for Specialty Crops 554
12.2.3 Robotic Harvesting 554
12.3 Precision Agriculture: Sensors, Analytics, and AI 555
12.3.1 Crop Monitoring and Analytics 555
12.3.2 Precision Livestock Farming 555
12.4 Agricultural Drones and Aerial Platforms 556
12.5 Farmgate to Fork: AgriTech in Supply Chain and Environment 556
12.5.1 Smart Logistics and Cold Chain 556
12.5.2 Environmental Monitoring Physical AI 556
12.6 Company Profiles 558 (73 company profiles)
13 DEFENSE, SECURITY AND DUAL-USE PHYSICAL AI 631
13.1 Market Overview: The Militarization of Physical AI 631
13.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): The Dominant Platform 632
13.3 Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) 632
13.4 Unmanned Maritime Systems 633
13.5 Counter-UAS: The Fastest-Growing Segment 633
13.6 Defense AI Software and Command Enablement 634
13.7 Ethical and Legal Framework for Lethal Autonomous Weapons 634
13.8 Company Profiles 636 (36 company profiles)
14 SPACE ROBOTICS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 672
14.1 Market Overview: Physical AI Beyond Earth 672
14.2 Planetary Exploration: Rovers and Landers 673
14.2.1 Lunar Exploration: The Physical AI Proving Ground 673
14.2.2 Mars: The Long-Duration Autonomy Frontier 673
14.2.3 Asteroid Mining and Deep Space 674
14.3 In-Space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (ISAM) 674
14.4 Extreme Environment Robots Beyond Space 675
14.5 Company Profiles 676
14.5.1 SPACE & ORBITAL 676 (23 company profiles)
14.5.2 UNDERWATER & DEEP SEA 699 (9 company profiles)
14.5.3 NUCLEAR & RADIATION HAZARD 708 (2 company profiles)
14.5.4 MINING & SUBSURFACE 710 (27 company profiles)
14.5.5 HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT INSPECTION (OIL & GAS, INDUSTRIAL, INFRASTRUCTURE) 737 (7 company profiles)
15 CONSUMER PHYSICAL AI AND SMART HOME 742
15.1 Market Overview 742
15.2 Robot Vacuums: Physical AI's Mass-Market Success Story 743
15.3 Smart Home Automation: The Physical AI Control Layer 743
15.4 Consumer Outdoor Robots 744
15.5 Personal and Companion Robots 744
15.6 Consumer AI in the Physical World: The Software Layer 745
16 WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND PHYSICAL AI INTEGRATION 746
16.1 The Wearable Electronics Market: The Largest Near-Term Physical AI Segment 746
16.2 Market Segmentation: Products and Revenue 746
16.3 Consumer Wearables: Units by Category 2020–2040 747
16.4 Market Leaders: Global Wearable Electronics Shipments 2025 747
16.5 Extended Reality (AR/VR/MR): The Dominant Growth Driver 748
16.5.1 Current XR Landscape 748
16.5.2 XR Technology Roadmap 749
16.6 Smartwatches and Fitness Trackers: The Proven Platform 749
16.7 Medical and Healthcare Wearables 750
16.8 Hearables: AI Audio at Scale 750
16.9 Smart Rings: Physical AI's Most Intimate Form Factor 751
16.10 Smart Clothing and E-Textiles 751
16.11 Key Wearable Technology Trends 2026–2040 752
16.12 Wearables as Physical AI Integration Layer 752
16.13 Company Profiles 754
16.13.1 SMARTWATCH AND GENERAL WEARABLE AI PLATFORMS 754 (10 company profiles)
16.13.2 SMART RINGS 764 (7 company profiles)
16.13.3 AR / VR / XR AND SMART GLASSES 771 (16 company profiles)
16.13.4 AI HEARABLES 787 (7 company profiles)
16.13.5 MEDICAL AND CLINICAL AI WEARABLES 794 (20 company profiles)
16.13.6 EXOSKELETONS AND PHYSICAL ASSISTANCE WEARABLES 814 (8 company profiles)
16.13.7 NEURAL INTERFACES AND BCI WEARABLES 822 (8 company profiles)
16.13.8 INDUSTRIAL AND WORKER SAFETY WEARABLES 830 (5 company profiles)
16.13.9 SMART CLOTHING AND AI E-TEXTILES 835 (8 company profiles)
16.13.10 WEARABLE AI CHIPS AND COMPUTE PLATFORMS 843 (5 company profiles)
16.13.11 SPORTS AND PERFORMANCE AI WEARABLES 848 (3 company profiles)
16.13.12 REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING PLATFORMS 851 (5 company profiles)
17 REGIONAL MARKETS 855
17.1 NORTH AMERICA 855
17.1.1 Market Position 855
17.1.2 Strategic Advantages 855
17.1.3 Constraints 855
17.2 EUROPE 856
17.2.1 Market Position 856
17.2.2 Strategic Advantages 856
17.2.3 Constraints 857
17.2.4 Country-Level Dynamics 857
17.3 CHINA 857
17.3.1 Market Position 857
17.3.2 Structural Advantages 858
17.3.3 Constraints 858
17.4 ASIA-PACIFIC (EX-CHINA) 858
17.4.1 Japan 858
17.4.2 South Korea 859
17.4.3 India 859
17.4.4 Singapore and Southeast Asia 859
17.5 REST OF WORLD 859
17.5.1 Middle East 859
17.5.2 Latin America 860
17.5.3 Africa 860
18 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE AND INVESTMENT 861
18.1 The Investment Surge 861
18.2 Investment Themes 861
18.3 Competitive Dynamics by Layer 862
18.4 Key Strategic Battlegrounds 862
18.5 Leading Physical AI Investors 863
18.6 M&A Landscape 863
18.6.1 Consolidation in 2026 864
18.7 The AMI Labs Strategic Position 864
19 KEY BARRIERS TO PHYSICAL AI ADOPTION 865
19.1 Technical Barriers 865
19.2 Economic Barriers 865
19.3 Regulatory Barriers 866
20 REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS 867
20.1 United States 867
20.2 European Union 867
20.3 China 868
20.4 The Regulatory Divergence Risk 868
20.5 The Emerging Physical AI Safety-Certification Regime 868
21 PHYSICAL AI SOVEREIGNTY AND GEOPOLITICS 869
21.1 The New Geography of Technological Power 869
21.2 The US-China Physical AI Competition 869
21.3 Europe's Strategic Dilemma 870
21.4 The Middle Power Opportunity 871
21.5 Physical AI and the Future of Industrial Sovereignty 872
21.6 The Sovereign Investment Race Intensifies (Japan) 872
22 EMERGING PHYSICAL AI FRONTIERS (2028–2040) 873
22.1 The Convergence Horizon 873
22.2 Brain-Computer Interfaces and Physical AI 873
22.3 Quantum Sensing and Physical AI Perception 875
22.4 Biological-Physical AI Integration 876
22.5 Climate Physical AI 878
23 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 881
23.1 The Decade Ahead 881
23.2 The Three Decisive Variables 881
23.3 The Fundamental Insight 882
24 APPENDIX 883
24.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 883
24.1.1 Report Scope and Definitions 883
24.1.2 Data Sources 883
24.1.3 Market Sizing Methodology 884
24.1.4 Limitations and Key Assumptions 884
24.2 GLOSSARY OF PHYSICAL AI TERMS 885
25 REFERENCES 890
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. Humanoid Robot Bill of Materials Compression 2025–2040 (USD per robot) 44
Table 2. Global Robotics Investment by Funding Category 2015–2025 (USD Billions) 45
Table 3. Physical AI Sub-Market Revenues and Forecasts (USD Billions) 50
Table 4. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Assessment Across Physical AI Sub-Markets (2026) 51
Table 5. Key modalities by application: 57
Table 6. Foundation Models for Robotics — Status as of Q1 2026. 60
Table 7. Competitive Edge AI Landscape 72
Table 8. Global AI Chip Market Revenue by End Market, 2020–2040 (USD Billions) 79
Table 9. Global AI Chip Market Revenue by Architecture, 2020–2040 (USD Billions) 81
Table 10. Key Players in AI Chips by Application Category 83
Table 11. Global AI Chip Market Revenue by Region, 2020–2040 (USD Billions) 85
Table 12. National AI Chip Government Funding and Initiatives 87
Table 13. Global Physical AI Market — Total Addressable Market Summary 2026–2040 89
Table 14. Physical AI Value Pool Analysis by Stack Layer (Base Case, 2030) 91
Table 15. Global Physical AI Market — Scenario Forecasts (USD Billions) 92
Table 16. Global Industrial Robot Market by Region 2020–2040 (USD Millions) 95
Table 17. Global Cobot Market by Payload Capacity 2025–2045 (USD Millions) 99
Table 18. Autonomous Vehicle and Mobility Market Size 2026–2040 (USD Billions) 200
Table 19. SAE Autonomy Level Commercial Status (Q1 2026) 201
Table 20. Waymo Operational Metrics 2022–2026 203
Table 21. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2040 (Units) 208
Table 22. eVTOL Sales by Application 2026–2040 (Units) 208
Table 23. eVTOL Sales by Architecture Type 2026–2040 (Units) 209
Table 24. eVTOL Revenue Value Chain — Selected Segments 2026 vs. 2036 210
Table 25. eVTOL Certification Status (Q1 2026) 211
Table 26. Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2040 212
Table 27. Autonomous Vehicle SAE Level 4/5 Regulatory Comparison 213
Table 28. Global Humanoid Robot Market — Unified Forecast 2024–2040 299
Table 29. Three-Wave Adoption Model for Humanoid Robots 300
Table 30. 2025 Market Concentration 301
Table 31. Regional Production Capacity (2036 Projection): 301
Table 32. Current Humanoid Robot Pricing (2025–2026) 302
Table 33. Smart Infrastructure & Built Environment Market Sizing 2025–2040 (Billion USD) 414
Table 34. Healthcare Physical AI Market Sizing 2025–2040 (Billions USD) 483
Table 35. Surgical Robotics Competitive Landscape (Q1 2026) 484
Table 36. Medical Exoskeleton Applications and Market 486
Table 37. Smart Farming Physical AI Market — Revenue by Technology 2023–2040 (USD Billions) 551
Table 38. Smart Farming Physical AI Market — Revenue by Region 2023–2040 (USD Billions) 552
Table 39. Defense & Security Physical AI Market Sizing 2025–2040 631
Table 40. Space Robotics & Extreme Environment Physical AI Market 2025–2040 672
Table 41. Consumer Physical AI & Smart Home Market 2025–2040 (USD Billions) 742
Table 42. Global Wearable Electronics Market Forecast 2024–2040 746
Table 43. Wearable Electronics Market by Product Category 2026 vs. 2036 746
Table 44. Global Consumer Wearable Electronics by Type (Million Units) 747
Table 45. Global Wearable Electronics Market Leaders by Shipment Volume, 2025 747
Table 46. XR Wearable Technology Roadmap 2026–2040 749
Table 47. North America Physical AI Market ($B) 855
Table 48. European Physical AI Market ($B) 856
Table 49. China Physical AI Market ($B) 857
Table 50. Largest Physical AI Funding Rounds (Selected, 2024–2026) 861
Table 51. Physical AI Value Chain Competitive Intensity 862
Table 52. Most Active Physical AI Investors (2023–2026) 863
List of Figures
Figure 1. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Assessment by Application 78
Figure 2. Global AI Chip Market Revenue by End Market, 2020–2040 (USD Billions) 81
Figure 3. Global AI Chip Market Revenue by Architecture, 2020–2040 (USD Billions) 82
Figure 4. Global Physical AI Market — Scenario Forecasts (USD Billions) 93
Figure 5. Global Industrial Robot Market by Region 2020–2040 (USD Millions) 96
Figure 6. Global Cobot Market by Payload Capacity 2025–2045 (USD Millions) 99
Figure 7. Agility Robotics Digit. 108
Figure 8. Contoro's robot arm 128
Figure 9. Doosan A0509S Collaborative Robot 131
Figure 10. JAKA Pro 5 collaborative robot 155
Figure 11. Autonomous Vehicle and Mobility Market Size 2026–2040 (USD Billions) 201
Figure 12. eVTOL Sales by Application 2026–2040 (Units) 209
Figure 13. eVTOL Sales by Architecture Type 2026–2040 (Units) 210
Figure 14. Waymo self-driving car. 221
Figure 15. Nuro delivery robot. 237
Figure 16. Dronamics Black Swan Cargo drone. 242
Figure 17. Mann delivery drone. 246
Figure 18. EHang EH216-S 265
Figure 19. Vertical Aerospace eVOTL aircraft. 283
Figure 20. NEO by 1X 304
Figure 21. Agibot A2 Humanoid Robot 309
Figure 22. Reflex Robotics' wheeled humanoid robot 387
Figure 23. Richtech Robotics 388
Figure 24. Unitree G1 Humanoid Robot 404
Figure 25. Smart Infrastructure & Built Environment Market Sizing 2025–2040 (Billion USD) 415
Figure 26. whereable.ai's Autonomous Indoor Shuttle "linq" 440
Figure 27. Cobalt Robotics Autonomous Security Robots 446
Figure 28. Loki Cleaning Robot. 451
Figure 29. UVD Disinfection Robot 456
Figure 30. Healthcare Physical AI Market Sizing 2025–2040 484
Figure 31. ActivSight Enhanced Visualization Module 490
Figure 32. Smart Farming Physical AI Market — Revenue by Technology 2023–2040 (USD Billions) 552
Figure 33. Smart Farming Physical AI Market — Revenue by Region 2023–2040 (USD Billions) 553
Figure 34. FarmWise Titan FT-35 594
Figure 35. Defense & Security Physical AI Market Sizing 2025–2040 632
Figure 36. Vision 60 651
Figure 37. InstantEye Gen-5 652
Figure 38. Knightscope K5 654
Figure 39. Space Robotics & Extreme Environment Physical AI Market 2025–2040 672
Figure 40. Consumer Physical AI & Smart Home Market 2025–2040 (USD Billions) 742
Figure 41. RayNeo X2 782
Figure 42. Zuper Glass 786
Figure 43. Crown EEG headset 826
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