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The Global Market for Sustainable Data Centers 2027–2037: Policy, Green Power, Efficiency, Scope 3 and Forecasts
報告摘要
The market for sustainable data centers has moved, in the space of two years, from a voluntary corporate-responsibility concern to a hard commercial and regulatory constraint on the single fastest-growing category of electricity demand in the world. The trigger is the AI build-out: soaring rack densities, rising GPU thermal design power, and hyperscale campuses now specified in gigawatts have pushed data-center electricity consumption onto national-grid agendas and into direct conflict with decarbonization targets, water-stress limits, land-use politics and community opposition. The defining bottleneck is no longer capital or chips but power — multi-year grid-interconnection queues have made speed-to-power the industry's scarcest resource, driving a structural shift toward "bring-your-own-power" generation, behind-the-meter microgrids and on-site firm capacity.
This report frames the market around the three emissions scopes that govern data-center sustainability. Scope 2 (purchased electricity) is being addressed through PPAs, hourly-matched clean energy, and a widening portfolio of firm low-carbon generation — small modular reactors, nuclear restarts, enhanced geothermal, fuel cells, and gas paired with carbon capture. Scope 1 and on-site efficiency center on the transition from air to liquid cooling (direct-to-chip and immersion) as densities exceed air's physical limits, alongside 800 VDC power architectures, wide-bandgap (SiC/GaN) power electronics, and performance-per-watt gains in compute, memory and optical interconnect. Scope 3 — which dominates lifecycle emissions — spans carbon dioxide removal, low-carbon construction (green steel, low-carbon cement, mass timber), embodied carbon in IT hardware, and circularity.
Policy is now the market's principal accelerant. The EU's Energy Efficiency Directive reporting scheme, the Data Centre Energy Efficiency Package and its A–F rating scheme, and the Cloud and AI Development Act (which conditions capacity growth on efficiency, water and circularity) sit alongside US federal and state reporting rules, China's green-data-center action plans, Singapore's roadmap, and grid-connection reform in the UK and Ireland. Standards such as PUE, WUE, CUE and EPEAT are hardening from voluntary benchmarks into regulatory metrics.
The result is a rapidly expanding, technology-diverse market spanning power generation, storage, cooling, power electronics, efficient IT and Scope 3 abatement — forecast in detail to 2037 across power consumption, emissions, cooling revenue and 800 VDC adoption, under baseline, stringent-regulation and delayed-regulation scenarios. Sustainability has become inseparable from the economics and permitting of building AI infrastructure at all.
The Global Market for Sustainable Data Centers 2027–2037: Policy, Green Power, Efficiency, Scope 3 and Forecasts is a comprehensive, 10-chapter market study that combines policy analysis, technology assessment, quantitative forecasts to 2037, and 245 company profiles across the full sustainable-data-center value chain.
Contents include:
Executive summary — headline numbers, policy landscape, highest-impact technologies, and forecast conclusions
Introduction & context — data-center types, AI build-out, global footprint, metrics and emissions accounting
Global policy & regulation — EU, US, China, APAC, UK; grid connection; standards and disclosure
Energy demand, grid stress & business case — IEA scenarios, interconnection queues, water, carbon intensity
Sustainable power generation — PPAs, BYOP, solar/wind, nuclear/SMRs, geothermal, CCUS, fuel cells, storage/LDES
Energy efficiency — cooling (air/direct-to-chip/immersion), 800 VDC and SiC/GaN power, efficient compute/memory/optics
Scope 3 decarbonization — CO₂ removal, green steel/cement, embodied carbon and circularity
Market forecasts to 2037 — power, emissions, cooling, 800 VDC, policy-scenario sensitivities
244 company profiles 1414 Degrees, 3M, Aalo Atomics, AcBel Polytech, Accelsius, ACCURE Battery Intelligence, Airco Process Technology, Algoma Steel, AlphaESS, Ambri, AMD, Amkor Technology, Ampace, Antora Energy, Aperam BioEnergia, ArcelorMittal, Ardent, ASE Group, Asetek, Asia Vital Components (AVC), Asperitas, Atecom Technology, Auras Technology, Ayar Labs, Baker Hughes, Ballard Power Systems, Biomason, Blastr Green Steel, Bloom Energy, Boston Metal, Boyd Corporation, Brenmiller Energy, Bright Renewables, Broadcom, BYD Energy Storage, C-Capture, Caldera, Calibrant Energy, Cambridge Electric Cement, Capsol Technologies, Carbice, CarbiCrete, Carbonaide, CarbonCure, CarbonFree, CATL, CellCube, Cerebras, Ceres Power, Chart Industries, Chemours, China Baowu, Chiyoda, Cisco Systems, Climeworks, Coherent, Coolbrook, Cooler Master, CoolIT Systems, Corintis, Dalian Rongke Power, Deep Fission, Delta Electronics, Dow, Eaton Corporation, EFFECT Photonics, Electra (Electra Steel), ElectraMet, Electrified Thermal Solutions, Element Six, Emirates Steel Arkan, Energy Dome, Energy Vault, EnergyNest, Engineered Fluids, Eoptolink, Eos Energy Enterprises, EPC (Efficient Power Conversion), ESS Tech, EVE Energy, Exowatt, Fabrinet and more
授權報價
| Single User | $1,100 GBP |
目錄 Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 23
1.1 Scope and definitions 23
1.2 Why data center sustainability is now a policy issue (AI build-out, grid stress, water, land) 23
1.3 Data center energy demand and CO₂ emissions: the headline numbers 23
1.4 The biggest contributors to the data center carbon footprint (Scope 1/2/3 split) 25
1.5 The global policy landscape at a glance: from voluntary targets to binding mandates 26
1.6 Regional policy heat-map: EU, US (federal + state), China, Singapore, Japan, UK, Ireland 28
1.7 Grid-connection policy as the new bottleneck 28
1.8 Standards, certification and reporting (PUE, WUE, CUE, EPEAT, EU energy labels) 29
1.9 Which sustainable technologies have the biggest impact 29
1.10 Market forecast, 2025–2037 30
1.11 Key conclusions and outlook 31
2 INTRODUCTION: THE DATA CENTER MARKET AND SUSTAINABILTY CONTEXT 32
2.1 What is a data center? Edge, colocation, enterprise, hyperscale 32
2.2 The AI-driven build-out: rack density, GPU TDP and power demand 32
2.3 Global data center footprint — leading markets (US, Germany, UK, Ireland, Nordics, China, Singapore, Japan) 33
2.4 Data center sustainability metrics explained (PUE, WUE, CUE, ERF, REF, carbon intensity, SCI) 35
2.5 Emissions accounting: Scope 1, Scope 2 (market- vs location-based), Scope 3 35
2.6 Hyperscaler and colocator emissions and net-zero targets 36
2.7 Water, land, grid and community impacts driving public scrutiny 37
2.8 Motivations behind sustainability action: regulation, cost, reputation, grid access 37
3 THE GLOBAL POLICY AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE FOR SUSTAINABLE DATA CENTERS 38
3.1 Overview: from voluntary pledges to binding regulation 38
3.2 A taxonomy of policy instruments (efficiency mandates, reporting/disclosure, energy labels, grid-connection rules, siting/moratoria, tax incentives, water rules, procurement/certification) 39
3.3 European Union 40
3.3.1 Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) reporting scheme and the European database/dashboard 40
3.3.2 Data Center Energy Efficiency Package and the EU rating scheme 40
3.3.3 Minimum Performance Standards for data centers 41
3.3.4 Cloud and AI Development Act — capacity tripling conditioned on energy/water efficiency and circularity 41
3.3.5 EU Taxonomy and the Code of Conduct for Data Center Energy Efficiency 41
3.3.6 Germany, France, Ireland 42
3.3.7 Nordics and district-heating integration 42
3.4 United States 42
3.4.1 Federal legislative activity (data center energy/reporting bills; EIA data collection) 42
3.4.2 State-level reporting and disclosure legislation (annotated survey) 42
3.4.3 From moratoria to regulation: the local-permitting pivot 43
3.4.4 State tax incentives and their sustainability conditions (Arizona, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Virginia, Washington) 44
3.4.5 Grid interconnection and "bring-your-own-power" responses 44
3.5 China 44
3.5.1 National "Green Data Center" Action Plan 44
3.5.2 Special Action Plan for Green & Low-Carbon Development of Data Centers (PUE targets, renewable share) 45
3.5.3 "East Data, West Compute" and the China cost/efficiency advantage 45
3.6 Asia-Pacific 45
3.6.1 Singapore — Green Data Center Roadmap / DC-CFA mandate 45
3.6.2 Japan — emerging data center regulation 46
3.6.3 Other APAC markets (Malaysia, India, Australia) 46
3.7 United Kingdom 46
3.7.1 Ofgem grid-connection reform and the connections queue 46
3.7.2 Critical National Infrastructure designation and planning 47
3.8 Grid-connection policy as a cross-cutting theme 47
3.9 Standards, certification and disclosure frameworks 48
3.9.1 PUE/WUE/CUE as regulatory metrics 48
3.9.2 EPEAT and the draft circularity criteria for enterprise data storage 48
3.9.3 GHG Protocol updates: location-based and hourly matching 48
3.9.4 ISO / CEN-CENELEC and industry codes of conduct 49
3.10 Policy gap analysis and outlook: where regulation is heading 2026–2030 49
4 DATA CENTER ENERGY DEMAND, GRID STRESS AND SUSTAINABILITY BUSINESS CASE 51
4.1 Global and regional electricity demand outlook (IEA "Energy and AI" scenarios) 51
4.2 The power gap: interconnection queues and supply constraints 52
4.3 Carbon intensity of grid power by geography 53
4.4 Water use and water-stress exposure 54
4.5 The cost, reputation and grid-access case for going green 55
4.6 "Reality check": fossil fuels still dominate near-term power 56
5 SUSTAINABLE POWER GENERATION FOR DATA CENTERS 57
5.1 Decarbonizing Scope 2: RECs, PPAs, clean transition tariffs, hourly matching 57
5.2 "Bring your own power": hyperscalers as generators; microgrids and behind-the-meter 58
5.2.1 Microgrid architectures and controllers 58
5.2.2 Balancing engines and gensets (transition fuels, HVO, hydrogen-ready) 59
5.3 Solar, wind and hydropower 60
5.3.1 Utility-scale solar, wind and hydropower: LCOE, intermittency and land footprint 60
5.3.2 Matching intermittent supply to flexible AI load 60
5.3.3 Frontier siting concepts: offshore, subsea and orbital data centers 62
5.4 Nuclear: conventional, SMRs and fusion 64
5.4.1 Why SMRs for data centers; Gen III+ vs Gen IV designs 66
5.4.2 Hyperscaler–developer partnerships and first deployments 66
5.4.3 Restart/uprate of existing nuclear plants 68
5.4.4 Fusion energy: hyperscaler offtake and the honest timeline 69
5.5 Geothermal and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) 71
5.6 Carbon capture (CCUS) on gas power for data centers 72
5.6.1 Post-combustion capture on gas turbines: technology and maturity 72
5.6.2 The energy penalty: parasitic load and delivered megawatts 73
5.6.3 Economics, siting and bankability of gas-plus-capture 75
5.7 Hydrogen fuel cells (PEMFC / SOFC) 76
5.7.1 PEMFC and SOFC: technology, efficiency and duty-cycle fit 76
5.7.2 Fuel supply as the binding constraint 78
5.7.3 Deployment reality check: constraints on fuel cell scaling 79
5.8 Batteries, BESS, thermal energy storage and long-duration storage (LDES) 80
5.8.1 UPS and grid-interactive UPS 81
5.8.2 Li-ion (LFP/NMC) for backup and primary power 81
5.8.3 Redox flow and alternative chemistries (sodium-ion, zinc, sodium-sulfur, liquid-metal) 82
5.8.4 Thermal energy storage and LDES for data centers 82
5.8.5 CO₂ and compressed-gas storage: emerging non-electrochemical LDES 83
5.9 Benchmarking: environmental, technical and economic comparison of power sources 85
6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR DATA CENTERS 87
6.1 Beyond PUE: thermal, electrical and IT efficiency 87
6.2 Thermal management and cooling 87
6.2.1 Air vs. direct-to-chip vs. immersion liquid cooling 87
6.2.2 Thermal interface materials, cold plates, vapor chambers 90
6.2.3 Immersion fluids and refrigerant GWP 91
6.2.4 Waste-heat reuse and district heating 91
6.2.5 Thermoelectric and solid-state cooling 92
6.2.6 Comparative lifecycle emissions and cost by cooling method 93
6.3 Power efficiency (power supply, 800 VDC, distribution) 95
6.3.1 PSUs, 80 PLUS and efficiency programs 95
6.3.2 SiC and GaN power electronics 96
6.3.3 800 VDC architecture and rack power delivery 96
6.3.4 High-temperature superconductors (HTS) for power distribution 97
6.3.5 Power factor correction and harmonic management 97
6.4 IT efficiency (AI chips, memory, storage, interconnect) 98
6.4.1 AI chip performance-per-watt 99
6.4.2 HBM/DRAM and SSD/QLC NAND energy efficiency 101
6.4.3 Co-packaged optics and silicon photonics for interconnect efficiency 101
6.4.4 Hardware reuse and refresh cycles 102
6.5 Efficiency mandates linkage (EU rating scheme, 80 PLUS, national programs) 102
7 SCOPE 3 DECARBONIZATION FOR DATA CENTERS 103
7.1 Why Scope 3 dominates data center emissions 103
7.2 Carbon credits and CO₂ removal 104
7.2.1 Removal vs. avoidance; durable vs. nature-based 104
7.2.2 DAC, BECCS, biochar and enhanced weathering 104
7.2.3 Hyperscaler CDR portfolios and pre-purchases 104
7.2.4 Carbon credit market mechanics: purchasing routes, pricing and quality 105
7.2.5 From voluntary to compliance: the convergence of carbon removal with regulation 107
7.3 Low-carbon construction 109
7.3.1 Green concrete and cement decarbonization 109
7.3.2 Green steel 109
7.3.3 Mass timber and environmental attribute certificates 109
7.3.4 Construction cost and the green premium 110
7.4 Embodied carbon in IT hardware (servers, GPU baseboards) and circularity/reuse 112
7.4.1 Where embodied carbon sits: the componentry-level split of a server 114
7.4.2 The GPU baseboard and accelerator embodied footprint 114
7.4.3 Refresh cycles, reuse and secondary markets 116
7.5 Procurement policy and EPEAT circularity criteria linkage 117
8 MARKET FORECASTS, 2025-2037 118
8.1 Forecast methodology and assumptions 118
8.2 Data center power and electricity consumption forecast 118
8.3 Data center CO₂ emissions forecast (Scope 2 and Scope 3) 119
8.4 GPU TDP trend forecast 120
8.5 Cooling market forecast by method (revenue) 121
8.6 800 VDC / HVDC power forecast 122
8.7 Adjacent green-technology forecasts 123
8.8 Policy-scenario sensitivities (baseline / stringent-regulation / delayed-regulation) 124
9 COMPANY PROFILES 126
9.1 Data center operators — hyperscalers & AI clouds 126 (9 company profiles)
9.2 Colocation providers 135 (9 company profiles)
9.3 Sustainable power generation & storage 144
9.3.1 Nuclear / SMR 144 (14 company profiles)
9.3.2 Geothermal / EGS 158 (2 company profiles)
9.3.3 Fuel cells 160 (7 company profiles)
9.3.4 Solar inverters & balancing power 167 (2 company profiles)
9.3.5 Batteries, UPS & BESS (Li-ion) 169 (16 company profiles)
9.3.6 Flow, sodium, zinc & alternative chemistries 185 (12 company profiles)
9.3.7 Thermal & long-duration energy storage (LDES) 197 (19 company profiles)
9.3.8 Storage enabling technology (BMS / analytics / deployers) 216 (4 company profiles)
9.3.9 Carbon capture on power (gas CCS) 220 (5 company profiles)
9.4 Energy efficiency — cooling & thermal management 225
9.4.1 Cooling systems (direct-to-chip / immersion / rack) 225 (13 company profiles)
9.4.2 Thermal interface materials & components 238 (17 company profiles)
9.4.3 Immersion fluids & refrigerants 255 (4 company profiles)
9.4.4 Airflow, fans & active-cooling components 259 (5 company profiles)
9.5 Energy efficiency — power electronics, PSUs & power distribution 264
9.5.1 Wide-bandgap devices (SiC / GaN) 264 (16 company profiles)
9.5.2 Power supplies & DC power delivery (PSU / 800 VDC) 280 (2 company profiles)
9.5.3 High-temperature superconductors (power distribution) 282 (1 company profiles)
9.6 Energy efficiency — IT: compute, memory & optical 283
9.6.1 AI accelerators (performance-per-watt focus) 283 (10 company profiles)
9.6.2 Memory (HBM / DRAM / NAND) 293 (5 company profiles)
9.6.3 Co-packaged optics / silicon photonics (interconnect efficiency) 298 (23 company profiles)
9.7 Semiconductor-manufacturing sustainability (embodied carbon) 321 (3 company profiles)
9.8 Scope 3 — carbon removal / CCUS 324
9.8.1 Direct air capture (DAC) 324 (5 company profiles)
9.8.2 Point-source capture & utilization 329 (4 company profiles)
9.9 Scope 3 — low-carbon construction & materials 333
9.9.1 Green steel 333 (32 company profiles)
9.9.2 Low-carbon cement / concrete 365 (24 company profiles)
9.10 Scope 3 — circularity & IT hardware reuse 389 (2 company profiles)
10 APPENDICES 391
10.1 Glossary and acronyms 391
10.2 Methodology and data sources (base year 2025; forecast to 2037) 393
10.2.1 Research approach 393
10.2.2 Scope, definitions and system boundary 393
10.2.3 Base year, forecast horizon and conventions 393
10.2.4 Construction of the power and electricity forecast 394
10.2.5 Construction of the emissions forecast 394
10.2.6 Scenario framework 395
10.2.7 Adjacent-technology forecasts and attribution 396
10.2.8 Data sources 396
11 REFERENCES 398
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1. Summary of major data center sustainability regulations by region, 2023–2026 26
Table 2. Sustainability metrics at a glance (PUE, WUE, CUE, ERF, REF, SCI) 29
Table 3. Forecast summary: power, electricity, CO₂, cooling, 800 VDC, SMRs, CDR, green steel 30
Table 4. Data center types compared (edge / colocation / enterprise / hyperscale) 32
Table 5. Country/region ranking by installed data center capacity 34
Table 6. Definitions of key sustainability metrics 35
Table 7. Leading hyperscalers/colocators: capacity, emissions and net-zero targets 37
Table 8. Taxonomy of data center policy instruments with examples 40
Table 9. EU EED reporting scheme — summary of requirements 41
Table 10. EU rating scheme — structure of the A–F label 41
Table 11. US state data center reporting/disclosure legislation — principal archetypes 43
Table 12. US state data center reporting/disclosure legislation (annotated) 44
Table 13. China data center PUE and renewable-energy targets by phase 45
Table 14. APAC data center mandates (Singapore, Japan) compared 46
Table 15. Grid-connection policy comparison (Ireland CRU, UK Ofgem, US ISOs) 48
Table 16. Certification and disclosure schemes (EPEAT, EU rating scheme, GHG Protocol) 49
Table 17. Data center electricity demand scenarios by region, 2025–2037 51
Table 18. Grid carbon intensity by major data center market 53
Table 19. Temporal flexibility of AI and data center workload classes 61
Table 20. Frontier data center siting concepts: status, advantage and binding constraint 63
Table 21. SMR and advanced-nuclear developers relevant to data centers 65
Table 22. SMR and advanced-nuclear developers relevant to data centers 67
Table 23. SMR and advanced-nuclear developers relevant to data centers (section 5.4.2) 69
Table 24. Announced fusion offtake agreements with technology and industrial buyers 70
Table 25. Capital raised by leading fusion developers 70
Table 26. Point-source capture technologies for gas-fired data center power 73
Table 27. Announced gas-with-capture projects serving data center load 73
Table 28. Energy penalty for a nominal 1 GW NGCC plant with 90% post-combustion capture 74
Table 29. Necessary conditions for a bankable gas-plus-capture project serving data center load 76
Table 30. PEMFC and SOFC benchmarked for data center duty 77
Table 31. Major fuel cell agreements for data center power, 2025–26 77
Table 32. Carbon intensity of on-site generation options for data centers 78
Table 33. Storage technology benchmarking for data center applications 81
Table 34. Battery / BESS / TES technology benchmarking for data center applications 82
Table 35. Long-duration energy storage technologies benchmarked for data center application 84
Table 36. Energy Dome CO₂ battery deployments relevant to data center power 84
Table 37. Benchmarking of electricity sources for data centers (LCOE, carbon intensity, availability, TRL) 86
Table 38. Cooling technology comparison 89
Table 39. Cooling technology comparison (air, D2C single/two-phase, immersion) 91
Table 40. GHG emissions and efficiency by cooling method 92
Table 41. Thermoelectric cooling in data center applications 93
Table 42. Comparative assessment of data center cooling methods 94
Table 43. AC vs. 800 VDC architecture efficiency comparison 97
Table 44. Power quality parameters and their consequences in data center electrical systems 98
Table 45. AI compute efficiency benchmarking 100
Table 46. Carbon dioxide removal methods: scale, cost and TRL 104
Table 47. Carbon credit categories, pricing and characteristics 106
Table 48. Carbon credit purchasing routes 106
Table 49. Regulatory instruments reshaping carbon credit procurement 108
Table 50. Cement/steel decarbonization technologies and green premiums 109
Table 51. Data center construction cost benchmarks, 2026 111
Table 52. Green premium by material and its effect on total project cost 111
Table 53. Embodied carbon by server component 113
Table 54. Embodied carbon by server component 113
Table 55. Indicative embodied carbon split for a conventional 2U rack server 114
Table 56. Embodied carbon drivers: conventional server versus AI accelerator baseboard 115
Table 57. IT hardware circularity hierarchy for data centers 117
Table 58. Data center power (GW) and electricity (TWh) forecast, 2025–2037 118
Table 59. Data center CO₂ forecast by scope, 2025–2037 119
Table 60. Cooling market revenue forecast by method, 2025–2037 121
Table 61. SMR / durable-CDR / green-steel / data-center BESS forecasts, 2025–2037 123
Table 62. Glossary and acronyms 391
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global data center electricity consumption by workload type, 2025–2037 24
Figure 2. Data center CO₂ emissions by scope, 2025 / 2031 / 2037 (Mt CO₂/yr) 25
Figure 3. Representative Scope 1/2/3 breakdown for a hyperscale data center 26
Figure 4. Global policy timeline: key data center sustainability measures, 2020–2026 27
Figure 5. Regional regulatory-stringency heat-map 28
Figure 6. Impact vs. readiness matrix for sustainable data center technologies 30
Figure 7. Rack power density and GPU TDP trend, historical + forecast 33
Figure 8. Leading data center markets by installed capacity 34
Figure 9. Scope 2 (market- vs location-based) and Scope 3 emissions of leading hyperscalers 36
Figure 10. Global policy-instrument map by country/region 39
Figure 11. US data center regulatory activity by measure type 43
Figure 12. Typical grid-interconnection wait for large loads, by market 47
Figure 13. Regulatory-stringency vs. data center growth by market 50
Figure 14. Data centers' share of national electricity demand, 2025 vs 2030 (selected markets) 52
Figure 15. Projected data center power demand versus firm connectable supply, United States, 2025–2032 53
Figure 16. Water usage effectiveness (WUE) benchmarks by cooling approach 55
Figure 17. Clean-power procurement models compared 57
Figure 18. Microgrid architecture for a behind-the-meter data center 59
Figure 19. Data center load flexibility spectrum 61
Figure 20. Solar resource: orbit versus ground 64
Figure 21. SMR capacity serving data centers, base case and range, 2026–2037 66
Figure 22. SMR capacity serving data centers, base case and range, 2026–2037 (Source: IDTechEx forecast) 68
Figure 23. Fusion and SMR: announced first-power dates versus realistic delivery windows 71
Figure 24. Where the megawatts go: gross-to-delivered output with carbon capture 75
Figure 25. Fuel cell capacity: contracted versus deliverable, 2025–2030 80
Figure 26. Benchmarking of electricity sources for data centers: carbon intensity vs. cost, scaled by firmness 85
Figure 27. Evolution of cooling technology in new data center deployments, 2020–2037 88
Figure 28. Practical rack power density supported by each cooling method 89
Figure 29. Data center cooling value chain 90
Figure 30. Cooling lifecycle emissions and cost 95
Figure 31. Semiconductor material share in data center power supplies, 2020–2037 96
Figure 32. Relative performance-per-watt of AI compute options 99
Figure 33. Relative performance-per-watt of AI compute options 100
Figure 34. Scope 3 emissions breakdown for a representative data center 103
Figure 35. Hyperscaler durable-CDR purchase volumes 105
Figure 36. Carbon Credit Price Stack 107
Figure 37. Green premium by material 112
Figure 38. Embodied Carbon Server vs AI baseboard 116
Figure 39. Global data center power forecast (GW), 2025–2037 119
Figure 40. Data center CO₂ forecast under three policy scenarios, 2025–2037 120
Figure 41. GPU TDP trend: historical + forecast, 2025–2037 121
Figure 42. Data center cooling market revenue by method, 2025–2037 122
Figure 43. 800 VDC adoption forecast, 2025–2037 123
Figure 44. Adjacent green-technology forecasts attributable to data centers, 2025–2037 124
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