The Global Printed and Flexible Electronics Market
報告摘要
Printed and flexible electronics represent a fundamental shift in how electronic functionality is made and where it can be deployed. Rather than etching rigid silicon and copper onto flat boards, this field builds sensing, computing, display, power and connectivity functions additively — printing functional inks and depositing thin films onto flexible, stretchable, conformable and even biodegradable substrates. The result is electronics that can bend, stretch, wrap around curved surfaces, adhere to skin, embed within textiles or laminate onto packaging, at low cost per unit area and with far less material waste than conventional fabrication.
The market has moved decisively from laboratory promise to commercial reality. Skin-worn biosensors and health patches now monitor patients and consumers continuously; smart rings and hearables have become mainstream wearables; foldable and rollable displays anchor premium consumer devices; electronic textiles weave sensing directly into clothing; and smart packaging turns everyday products into connected, traceable objects. Across automotive interiors, intelligent buildings, industrial sensing and energy harvesting, printed and flexible electronics are becoming the connective tissue of a more instrumented world.
Several forces are converging to accelerate adoption. The relentless demand for wearable, ambient and IoT devices requires form factors that rigid electronics cannot provide. Decarbonization and sustainability priorities favour additive, low-waste, low-energy manufacturing and recyclable or degradable materials. Healthcare is shifting toward continuous, remote and preventive monitoring, for which thin, comfortable, disposable sensors are ideally suited. And advances in conductive inks, printable semiconductors, flexible integrated circuits, thin-film batteries and roll-to-roll manufacturing are steadily closing the performance and cost gaps that once confined the technology to niche uses.
The sector is not without friction. Qualification timelines, standardization gaps, encapsulation and reliability challenges, and uneven adoption temper the pace in places. Yet the structural tailwinds are durable and the addressable applications keep multiplying, spanning consumer electronics, medical and wellness devices, e-textiles, energy storage and harvesting, displays, automotive, sensors, smart buildings and packaging.
This report provides a comprehensive technology and market assessment of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics across every major application area. It examines manufacturing methods, materials and components, the competitive landscape, the innovation pipeline, sustainability, investment activity and the companies shaping the field. It is designed as a decision-grade reference for materials suppliers, device makers, brand owners, investors and technology strategists navigating one of the most versatile and fast-moving areas of advanced electronics.
The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2027-2037 is a comprehensive market and technology assessment of the printed, flexible, stretchable and hybrid electronics industry across the 2027–2037 forecast period. It spans the full value chain — manufacturing methods, materials and components, and every major application market — and profiles the companies driving commercialization. The analysis pairs detailed technology explanation with granular, segmented forecasts, SWOT analyses, market drivers, macro-trends and challenges for each application area, making it a decision-grade reference for materials suppliers, device and equipment makers, brand owners, investors and strategists.
Content covered includes:
Market sizing and 2027–2037 revenue forecasts, segmented by application, technology and region, with growth analysis and scenario framing
Industry context: the evolution of electronics, the wearables revolution, the market map, CES 2023–2026 innovations, investment funding and buy-outs 2024–2026, flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) and sustainability
Manufacturing methods: printed electronics, 3D and 4D electronics, analogue and digital printing, in-mold electronics (IME), roll-to-roll (R2R), and advanced deposition and sintering
Materials and components: component-attachment materials, conductive inks, functional and specialty inks, printable semiconductors and sensing materials, flexible substrates, flexible ICs, printed PCBs, thin-film batteries and energy harvesting
Consumer electronics: wearable sensors and actuators, wrist-worn wearables, hearables, sleep trackers, sports and fitness, and pet, military and industrial wearables
Medical, healthcare and wellness: electronic skin patches, wearable drug delivery, cosmetic patches, femtech, smart woundcare, smart diapers, and wearable robotics and exoskeletons
Electronic textiles (e-textiles) and smart apparel, energy storage and harvesting, printed and flexible displays and lighting, automotive electronics, printed sensors, smart buildings and construction, and smart packaging
Supply-chain analysis, an ecosystem market map, and 650+ company profiles across consumer, medical, gaming and entertainment, e-textiles, and energy storage
Companies profiled include Abbott Laboratories, Ampcera, Anthro Energy, Asahi Kasei, Ateios Systems, Avegant, BeFC, Bekaert, binder, BioIntelliSense, Biolinq, Bittium, Blue Current, Blue Spark Technologies, Bosch Sensortec, Brewer Science, Canatu, CeQur, Corsano Health, Covestro AG, Dexcom, DiaMonTech, Digid, Directa Plus, Dispelix, Dracula Technologies, DuPont, E Ink, Elephantech, Enfucell, Ensurge Micropower, Epicore Biosystems, Epishine, Epson, Exeger, FlexEnable, Forster Rohner, Google, Grapheal, HeiQ Materials, Henkel, Heraeus Epurio, Hexoskin, Huawei, Hummink, InnovationLab, Innovega, Insulet, InuRu, iRhythm, i-SENS, ISORG, Jade Bird Display, Jenax, Kopin, Kupros, Lenovo, LetinAR, LionVolt, Lumus, Magic Leap, Maxell, Meta Platforms, MICLEDI, Microsoft, Molex, Murata, Myant, NextFlex, Nextiles, Nippon Mektron, Nippon Paper Group, Nissha, Optomec, OQmented, Oura Health, Peratech, PKvitality, PragmatIC Semiconductor, Prologium, QD Laser, Quad Industries, RealWear, Rokid, Sakuú, Samsung Electronics, Samsung SDI, Saralon, Sekisui Polymatech, Senseonics, Sibel Health, SmartKem, Spiber Technologies, STMicroelectronics, Sun Chemical, TDK, Teijin, Toray Industries, Toyobo, TracXon B.V., TriLite, Ultrahuman, UNIGRID, Varta, Versarien, VitalConnect, VivaLNK, Vuzix, Wearable Devices, West Pharmaceutical Services, Wiliot, Withings, Xiaomi, Xreal, Xsensio, Ynvisible and more
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目錄 Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 73
1.1 Printed and Flexible Electronics Market-Growth Outweighs Uncertainty 73
1.2 The evolution of electronics 74
1.3 What is printed/flexible electronics? 75
1.3.1 Motivation for use 76
1.3.2 From rigid to flexible and stretchable 76
1.3.2.1 Stretchable electronics 77
1.3.2.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables 78
1.3.2.3 Stretchable electronics in Medical devices 79
1.3.2.4 Stretchable electronics in sensors 79
1.3.2.5 Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting 79
1.3.2.6 Stretchable artificial skin 79
1.4 Markets for printed and flexible electronics 80
1.4.1 Macro-trends 80
1.4.2 Healthcare and wellness 81
1.4.3 Automotive 82
1.4.4 Buildings and construction 82
1.4.5 Energy storage and harvesting 83
1.4.6 E-Textiles 83
1.4.7 Consumer electronics 84
1.4.8 Smart packaging and logistics 84
1.4.9 Extended reality (XR) 85
1.5 The wearables revolution 85
1.6 The wearable tech market in 2026 88
1.7 Continuous monitoring 90
1.8 Market map for printed and flexible electronics 91
1.9 Wearable market leaders 92
1.10 Role in the metaverse 92
1.11 Wearable electronics in the textiles industry 93
1.12 New conductive materials 94
1.13 Entertainment 96
1.14 Market growth 97
1.14.1 Printed, flexible and hyrbid products 97
1.14.2 Future growth 98
1.14.3 Advanced materials as a market driver 98
1.14.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics 99
1.15 Innovations at CES 2023-2026 100
1.16 Investment funding and buy-outs 2024-2026 101
1.17 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) 102
1.18 Sustainability in flexible electronics 106
1.19 Global market revenues, 2027-2037 106
1.19.1 Consumer electronics 106
1.19.2 Medical & healthcare 107
1.19.3 E-textiles and smart apparel 108
1.19.4 Displays 110
1.19.5 Automotive 111
1.19.6 Smart buildings 112
1.19.7 Smart packaging 114
1.19.8 Extended reality (XR) 115
1.19.9 Neural interfaces and AI-ambient wearables 116
2 MANUFACTURING METHODS 118
2.1 Comparative analysis 118
2.2 Printed electronics 119
2.2.1 Technology description 119
2.2.2 SWOT analysis 120
2.3 3D electronics 121
2.3.1 Technology description 121
2.3.2 SWOT analysis 123
2.4 Analogue printing 124
2.4.1 Technology description 124
2.4.2 SWOT analysis 126
2.5 Digital printing 127
2.5.1 Technology description 127
2.5.2 SWOT analysis 129
2.6 In-mold electronics (IME) 130
2.6.1 Technology description 130
2.6.2 SWOT analysis 133
2.7 Roll-to-roll (R2R) 133
2.7.1 Technology description 133
2.7.2 SWOT analysis 136
2.8 4D electronics (shape-morphing additive manufacturing) 137
2.9 Advanced deposition and sintering 137
2.9.1 Photonic and pulsed-light sintering 137
2.9.2 Direct-ink writing / extrusion 138
2.9.3 Imprint and nano-imprint lithography 138
2.9.4 Laser-induced graphene (LIG) patterning 139
2.9.5 Slot-die coating for PV and perovskites 139
2.10 Other emerging deposition and patterning methods 140
3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 141
3.1 Component attachment materials 141
3.1.1 Conductive adhesives 142
3.1.2 Biodegradable adhesives 143
3.1.3 Magnets 143
3.1.4 Bio-based solders 143
3.1.5 Bio-derived solders 144
3.1.6 Recycled plastics 144
3.1.7 Nano adhesives 144
3.1.8 Shape memory polymers 144
3.1.9 Photo-reversible polymers 145
3.1.10 Conductive biopolymers 146
3.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods 146
3.1.12 Low temperature solder 147
3.1.13 Reflow soldering 149
3.1.14 Induction soldering 149
3.1.15 UV curing 149
3.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 150
3.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing 150
3.1.18 Hybrid integration 150
3.2 Conductive inks 151
3.2.1 Overview 151
3.2.2 Technology readiness of conductive-ink types 153
3.2.3 Metal-based conductive inks 154
3.2.4 Nanoparticle inks 155
3.2.5 Silver inks 155
3.2.6 Particle-Free conductive ink 156
3.2.7 Copper inks 157
3.2.8 Gold (Au) ink 158
3.2.9 Conductive polymer inks 158
3.2.10 Liquid metals 159
3.2.11 Companies 159
3.3 Functional and specialty inks 163
3.3.1 Dielectric and insulating inks 163
3.3.2 Piezoelectric and ferroelectric inks 163
3.3.3 Electroluminescent inks and phosphors 164
3.3.4 Electrochromic and thermochromic inks 164
3.3.5 Quantum-dot inks 164
3.3.6 Perovskite inks 164
3.3.7 Magnetic and ferrite inks 165
3.3.8 Thermoelectric inks 165
3.3.9 Resistive inks (PTC, NTC and carbon resistor) 165
3.3.10 Two-dimensional materials beyond graphene 165
3.3.11 Nanocellulose and bio-based substrates 166
3.3.12 Bioresorbable and transient conductors 166
3.3.13 Self-healing polymers 166
3.3.14 Solid and printed electrolytes 166
3.3.15 Liquid-metal inks and gels (EGaIn, Galinstan) 167
3.3.16 MXene inks 167
3.4 Printable semiconductors 168
3.4.1 Technology overview 168
3.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages 169
3.4.3 SWOT analysis 171
3.5 Printable sensing materials 171
3.5.1 Overview 171
3.5.2 Types 172
3.5.3 SWOT analysis 174
3.6 Flexible Substrates 175
3.6.1 Flexible plastic substrates 177
3.6.1.1 Types of materials 178
3.6.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs 178
3.6.2 Paper substrates 179
3.6.2.1 Overview 179
3.6.3 Glass substrates 180
3.6.3.1 Overview 180
3.6.4 Textile substrates 181
3.7 Flexible Integrated Circuits (Ics) 181
3.7.1 Description 181
3.7.2 Flexible metal oxide ICs 183
3.7.3 Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies 183
3.7.4 SWOT analysis 184
3.8 Printed PCBs 185
3.8.1 Description 185
3.8.2 High-Speed PCBs 186
3.8.3 Flexible PCBs 186
3.8.4 3D Printed PCBs 187
3.8.5 Sustainable PCBs 187
3.9 Thin film batteries 188
3.9.1 Technology description 188
3.9.2 SWOT analysis 189
3.10 Energy harvesting 190
3.10.1 Approaches 190
3.10.2 Perovskite photovoltaics 191
3.10.3 Applications 191
3.10.4 SWOT analysis 192
4 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 194
4.1 Macro-trends 194
4.2 Market drivers and trends 194
4.3 SWOT analysis 196
4.4 Wearable sensors 197
4.5 Wearable actuators 198
4.6 Recent market developments 201
4.6.1 The rise of screenless wearables 201
4.6.2 Extended reality and smart glasses break out 201
4.6.3 AI-ambient wearables and consumer neurotechnology 201
4.6.4 AI-native health sensing goes mainstream 201
4.7 Wrist-worn wearables 203
4.7.1 Overview 203
4.7.2 Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers 203
4.7.2.1 Sensing 203
4.7.2.2 Actuating 204
4.7.3 SWOT analysis 207
4.7.4 Health monitoring 208
4.7.5 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches 209
4.7.6 Companies and products 209
4.8 Sports and fitness 210
4.8.1 Overview 210
4.8.2 Wearable devices and apparel 210
4.8.3 Skin patches 210
4.8.4 Companies and products 211
4.9 Hearables 212
4.9.1 Technology overview 212
4.9.2 Assistive Hearables 214
4.9.2.1 Biometric Monitoring 214
4.9.3 SWOT analysis 215
4.9.4 Health & Fitness Hearables 216
4.9.4.1 Overview 216
4.9.4.2 Products 216
4.9.5 Multimedia Hearables 217
4.9.5.1 Overview 217
4.9.5.2 Products 217
4.9.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 217
4.9.6.1 Overview 217
4.9.6.2 Products 218
4.9.7 Companies and products 218
4.10 Sleep trackers and wearable monitors 219
4.10.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers 220
4.10.2 Smart rings 220
4.10.3 Headbands 221
4.10.4 Sleep monitoring devices 221
4.10.4.1 Companies and products 222
4.11 Pet and animal wearables 222
4.11.1 Overview 222
4.11.2 Products 223
4.12 Military wearables 223
4.12.1 Overview 223
4.12.2 Applications 224
4.13 Industrial and workplace monitoring 224
4.13.1 Overview 224
4.13.2 Products 225
4.14 Global market forecasts 225
4.14.1 Volume 225
4.14.2 Revenues 226
4.15 Market challenges 228
5 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS 229
5.1 Macro-trends 229
5.2 Market drivers 230
5.3 SWOT analysis 231
5.4 Current state of the art 232
5.4.1 Electrochemical biosensors 233
5.4.2 Skin patches for continuous monitoring 234
5.4.3 Printed pH sensors 234
5.4.4 Wearable medical device products 235
5.4.5 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring 237
5.4.6 Multi-analyte and continuous biochemical sensing 238
5.4.7 Cuffless and continuous blood-pressure monitoring 239
5.4.8 Neural interfaces and bioelectronic medicine 239
5.4.9 AI and closed-loop systems 240
5.4.10 Microneedle and intradermal sensing 240
5.4.11 Ingestible and implantable bioelectronics 240
5.4.12 Regulatory and reimbursement landscape 241
5.5 Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation 241
5.5.1 Market overview 241
5.5.2 Companies and products 242
5.6 Electronic skin patches 242
5.6.1 Electronic skin sensors 243
5.6.2 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics 244
5.6.3 Nanomaterials-based devices 245
5.6.4 Liquid metal alloys 246
5.6.5 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics 246
5.6.6 Printed and flexible batteries 247
5.6.6.1 Overview 247
5.6.6.2 Companies and products 247
5.6.7 Materials 248
5.6.7.1 Summary of advanced materials 248
5.6.8 SWOT analysis 249
5.6.9 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring 250
5.6.9.1 Market overview 250
5.6.9.2 Companies and products 251
5.6.10 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 252
5.6.10.1 Market overview 252
5.6.10.2 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors 252
5.6.10.2.1 Technologies 253
5.6.10.3 Non-invasive CGM sensors 253
5.6.10.3.1 Commercial devices 253
5.6.10.3.2 Companies and products 254
5.6.11 Cardiovascular monitoring 255
5.6.11.1 Market overview 255
5.6.11.2 ECG sensors 255
5.6.11.2.1 Companies and products 255
5.6.11.3 PPG sensors 256
5.6.11.3.1 Companies and products 256
5.6.12 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring 257
5.6.12.1 Market overview 257
5.6.12.2 Companies and products 257
5.6.13 Hydration sensors 258
5.6.13.1 Market overview 258
5.6.13.2 Companies and products 258
5.6.14 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports) 259
5.6.14.1 Market overview 259
5.6.14.2 Companies and products 260
5.7 Wearable drug delivery 260
5.7.1 Overview 260
5.7.2 Companies and products 261
5.8 Cosmetics patches 261
5.8.1 Overview 261
5.8.2 Companies and products 262
5.9 Femtech devices 262
5.9.1 Overview 262
5.9.2 Companies and products 262
5.10 Smart footwear for health monitoring 263
5.10.1 Overview 263
5.10.2 Companies and products 263
5.11 Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired 264
5.11.1 Overview 264
5.11.2 Companies and products 264
5.12 Smart woundcare 265
5.12.1 Overview 265
5.12.2 Companies and products 265
5.13 Smart diapers 265
5.13.1 Overview 265
5.13.2 Companies and products 266
5.14 Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots 266
5.14.1 Overview 266
5.14.1.1 Medical and rehabilitation exoskeletons 266
5.14.1.2 Industrial exosuits 267
5.14.1.3 Bionic prostheses 268
5.14.1.4 Body-worn collaborative robots and supernumerary limbs 269
5.14.2 Companies and products 269
5.15 Global market forecasts 270
5.15.1 Volume 270
5.15.2 Revenues 271
5.16 Market challenges 272
6 ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL 274
6.1 Macro-trends 274
6.2 Market drivers 275
6.3 SWOT analysis 276
6.4 Performance requirements for E-textiles 277
6.5 Growth prospects for electronic textiles 278
6.5.1 Fourth-generation e-textiles 280
6.6 Textiles in the Internet of Things 280
6.7 Types of E-Textile products 282
6.7.1 Embedded e-textiles 282
6.7.2 Laminated e-textiles 282
6.8 Materials and components 283
6.8.1 Integrating electronics for E-Textiles 283
6.8.1.1 Textile-adapted 283
6.8.1.2 Textile-integrated 284
6.8.1.3 Textile-based 284
6.8.2 Manufacturing of E-textiles 284
6.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks 285
6.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers 287
6.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets 287
6.8.3 Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles 288
6.8.4 E-textiles materials and components 289
6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns 289
6.8.4.1.1 Production 290
6.8.4.1.2 Metals 291
6.8.4.1.3 Carbon materials and nanofibers 291
6.8.4.1.3.1 Graphene 293
6.8.4.1.3.2 Carbon nanotubes 293
6.8.4.1.3.3 Nanofibers 295
6.8.4.2 Mxenes 297
6.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 297
6.8.4.4 Conductive polymers 298
6.8.4.4.1 PDMS 300
6.8.4.4.2 PEDOT: PSS 301
6.8.4.4.3 Polypyrrole (PPy) 301
6.8.4.4.4 Conductive polymer composites 301
6.8.4.4.5 Ionic conductive polymers 301
6.8.4.5 Conductive inks 302
6.8.4.6 Electronic filaments 303
6.8.4.7 Phase change materials 303
6.8.4.7.1 Temperature controlled fabrics 304
6.8.4.8 Metal halide perovskites 304
6.8.4.9 3D printing 305
6.8.4.9.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 305
6.8.4.9.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 305
6.8.4.9.3 Products 305
6.8.4.10 4D-printed and shape-morphing textiles 306
6.8.5 E-textiles components 306
6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators 306
6.8.5.1.1 Physiological sensors 307
6.8.5.1.2 Environmental sensors 308
6.8.5.1.3 Pressure sensors 308
6.8.5.1.3.1 Flexible capacitive sensors 308
6.8.5.1.3.2 Flexible piezoresistive sensors 309
6.8.5.1.3.3 Flexible piezoelectric sensors 309
6.8.5.1.4 Activity sensors 309
6.8.5.1.5 Strain sensors 310
6.8.5.1.5.1 Resistive sensors 310
6.8.5.1.5.2 Capacitive strain sensors 311
6.8.5.1.6 Temperature sensors 311
6.8.5.1.7 Inertial measurement units (IMUs) 311
6.8.5.2 Electrodes 311
6.8.5.3 Connectors 312
6.9 Applications, markets and products 312
6.9.1 Temperature monitoring and regulation 312
6.9.1.1 Heated clothing 313
6.9.1.2 Heated gloves 313
6.9.1.3 Heated insoles 313
6.9.1.4 Heated jacket and clothing products 313
6.9.1.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications 314
6.9.2 Stretchable E-fabrics 315
6.9.3 Therapeutic products 315
6.9.3.1 Market overview 315
6.9.4 Sport & fitness 316
6.9.4.1 Market overview 316
6.9.4.2 Products 317
6.9.5 Smart footwear 318
6.9.5.1 Market overview 318
6.9.5.2 Companies and products 318
6.9.6 Wearable displays 319
6.9.6.1 Market overview 319
6.9.6.2 Commercial Examples 320
6.9.7 Military 320
6.9.8 Textile-based lighting 321
6.9.9 Smart gloves 321
6.9.10 Powering E-textiles 322
6.9.10.1 Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles 323
6.9.10.2 Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles 323
6.9.10.3 Textile supercapacitors 325
6.9.10.4 Energy harvesting 325
6.9.10.4.1 Photovoltaic solar textiles 326
6.9.10.4.1.1 TENGs 327
6.9.10.4.1.2 PENGs 328
6.9.10.4.2 Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting 328
6.9.11 Motion capture for AR/VR 328
6.10 Global market forecasts 329
6.10.1 Volume 329
6.10.2 Revenues 330
6.11 Market challenges 331
6.12 Companies 333
7 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING 334
7.1 Macro-trends 334
7.2 Market drivers 335
7.3 SWOT analysis 335
7.4 Applications of printed and flexible electronics 336
7.5 Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics 337
7.6 Approaches to flexibility 338
7.7 Flexible Battery Technologies 341
7.7.1 Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries 341
7.7.1.1 Flexible planar LiBs 342
7.7.1.2 Flexible Fiber LiBs 343
7.7.1.3 Flexible micro-LiBs 343
7.7.1.4 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries 344
7.7.1.5 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries 345
7.7.1.6 Flexible Li/S batteries 345
7.7.1.7 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 347
7.7.2 Printed Batteries 347
7.7.2.1 Components 348
7.7.2.2 Design 349
7.7.2.3 Key features 350
7.7.2.3.1 Printable current collectors 350
7.7.2.3.2 Printable electrodes 351
7.7.2.3.3 Materials 352
7.7.2.3.4 Applications 352
7.7.2.3.5 Printing techniques 354
7.7.2.3.6 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries 356
7.7.2.3.7 Zinc-based printed batteries 357
7.7.2.3.8 3D Printed batteries 359
7.7.2.3.8.1 Materials for 3D printed batteries 361
7.7.3 Thin-Film Solid-state Batteries 362
7.7.3.1 Solid-state electrolytes 363
7.7.3.2 Features and advantages 364
7.7.3.3 Microbatteries 365
7.7.3.3.1 Introduction 365
7.7.3.3.2 3D designs 367
7.7.4 Stretchable Batteries 367
7.7.5 Other Emerging Technologies 368
7.7.5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries 368
7.7.5.2 Flexible zinc-based batteries 368
7.7.5.3 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries 369
7.7.5.4 Flexible Zn–Air batteries 369
7.7.5.5 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries 370
7.7.5.6 Fiber-shaped batteries 370
7.7.5.7 Transparent batteries 371
7.7.5.7.1 Components 371
7.7.5.8 Degradable batteries 372
7.7.5.8.1 Components 373
7.8 Key Components of Flexible Batteries 374
7.8.1 Electrodes 374
7.8.1.1 Cable-type batteries 374
7.8.1.2 Batteries-on-wire 375
7.8.2 Electrolytes 375
7.8.3 Separators 379
7.8.4 Current Collectors 380
7.8.5 Packaging of printed and flexible batteries 381
7.8.5.1 Flexible Pouch Cells 381
7.8.5.2 Encapsulation Materials 383
7.8.6 Manufacturing of flexible batteries 383
7.9 Performance Metrics and Characteristics 384
7.9.1 Energy Density 385
7.9.2 Power Density 385
7.9.3 Cycle Life 386
7.9.4 Flexibility and Bendability 386
7.10 Printed supercapacitors 387
7.10.1 Electrode materials 388
7.10.2 Electrolytes 389
7.11 Photovoltaics 392
7.11.1 Conductive pastes 392
7.11.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV) 393
7.11.3 Perovskite PV 394
7.11.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics 395
7.11.5 Companies 395
7.11.6 Photovoltaic solar textiles 396
7.11.7 Solar tape 396
7.11.8 Origami-like solar cells 397
7.11.9 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics 397
7.12 Transparent and flexible heaters 398
7.12.1 Technology overview 398
7.12.2 Applications 399
7.12.2.1 Automotive Industry 399
7.12.2.1.1 Defrosting and Defogging Systems 400
7.12.2.1.2 Heated Windshields and Mirrors 400
7.12.2.1.3 Touch Panels and Displays 400
7.12.2.2 Aerospace and Aviation 400
7.12.2.2.1 Aircraft Windows and Canopies 401
7.12.2.2.2 Sensor and Camera Housings 401
7.12.2.3 Consumer Electronics 401
7.12.2.3.1 Smartphones and Tablets 402
7.12.2.3.2 Wearable Devices 402
7.12.2.3.3 Smart Home Appliances 402
7.12.2.4 Building and Architecture 402
7.12.2.4.1 Smart Windows 403
7.12.2.4.2 Heated Glass Facades 404
7.12.2.4.3 Greenhouse and Skylight Applications 404
7.12.2.5 Medical and Healthcare 405
7.12.2.5.1 Incubators and Warming Beds 406
7.12.2.5.2 Surgical Microscopes and Endoscopes 406
7.12.2.5.3 Medical Imaging Equipment 407
7.12.2.6 Display Technologies 407
7.12.2.6.1 LCD Displays 408
7.12.2.6.2 OLED Displays 408
7.12.2.6.3 Flexible and Transparent Displays 409
7.12.2.7 Energy Systems 410
7.12.2.7.1 Solar Panels (De-icing and Efficiency Enhancement) 410
7.12.2.7.2 Fuel Cells 411
7.12.2.7.3 Battery Systems 412
7.13 Thermoelectric energy harvesting 412
7.14 Market challenges 413
7.15 Global market forecasts 414
7.15.1 Volume 414
7.15.2 Revenues 415
7.16 Companies 416
8 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS 418
8.1 Macro-trends 418
8.2 Market drivers 418
8.3 SWOT analysis 419
8.4 Printed and flexible display prototypes and products 419
8.5 Display types 421
8.5.1 Organic LCDs (OLCDs) 423
8.5.2 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) 423
8.5.3 Inorganic LEDs 424
8.5.4 Flexible AMOLEDs 424
8.5.5 Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED) 425
8.5.6 Printed OLEDs 425
8.5.7 Flexible and foldable mini-LED and microLED 426
8.5.7.1 Product developers 427
8.5.8 Flexible QD displays 428
8.5.9 Flexible electrophoretic displays 429
8.5.10 Electrowetting displays 429
8.5.11 Electrochromic displays 430
8.5.12 Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) 431
8.5.13 Metamaterials 431
8.5.13.1 Metasurfaces 431
8.5.13.1.1 Flexible metasurfaces 432
8.5.13.1.2 Meta-Lens 432
8.5.13.1.3 Metasurface holograms 433
8.5.14 Transparent displays 433
8.5.14.1 Products 433
8.5.14.2 Stretchable displays 434
8.6 Foldable smartphones 434
8.6.1 Market Overview 434
8.7 Foldable laptops, tablets and other displays 436
8.7.1 Market Overview 436
8.8 Flexible lighting 437
8.8.1 Overview 437
8.8.2 Applications and markets 440
8.8.2.1 Flexible lighting in automotive 440
8.8.3 FHE for large area lighting 441
8.8.4 Directly printed LED lighting 442
8.8.5 Companies 442
8.9 Global market forecasts 443
8.9.1 Volume 443
8.9.2 Revenues 444
8.10 Market challenges 445
8.11 Companies 446
9 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 448
9.1 Macro-trends 448
9.2 Market drivers 449
9.3 SWOT analysis 450
9.4 Applications 450
9.4.1 Electric vehicles 451
9.4.1.1 Applications 451
9.4.1.2 Battery monitoring and heating 452
9.4.1.3 Printed temperature sensors and heaters 452
9.4.2 HMI 452
9.4.3 Automotive displays and lighting 453
9.4.3.1 Interiors 454
9.4.3.1.1 OLED and flexible displays 455
9.4.3.1.2 Passive-matrix OLEDs 456
9.4.3.1.3 Active matrix OLED 456
9.4.3.1.4 Transparent OLED for heads-up displays 457
9.4.3.1.5 LCD displays 457
9.4.3.1.6 Curved displays 458
9.4.3.1.6.1 Overview 458
9.4.3.1.6.2 Automotive applications 458
9.4.3.1.6.3 Companies 459
9.4.3.1.7 Micro-LEDs in automotive displays 461
9.4.3.1.7.1 Head-up display (HUD) 464
9.4.3.1.7.2 Headlamps 466
9.4.3.1.7.3 Product developers 466
9.4.3.2 Exteriors 467
9.4.4 In-Mold Electronics 468
9.4.5 Printed and flexible sensors 468
9.4.5.1 Capacitive sensors 468
9.4.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors 469
9.4.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors 470
9.4.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors 471
9.4.5.5 Image sensors 473
9.4.5.5.1 Materials and technologies 474
9.4.6 Printed heaters 475
9.4.6.1 Printed car seat heaters 476
9.4.6.2 Printed/flexible interior heaters 476
9.4.6.3 Printed on-glass heater 477
9.4.6.4 Carbon nanotube transparent conductors 477
9.4.6.5 Metal mesh transparent conductors 477
9.4.6.6 3D shaped transparent heaters 478
9.4.6.7 Direct heating 478
9.4.6.8 Transparent heaters 479
9.4.7 Transparent antennas 480
9.5 Global market forecasts 483
9.5.1 Volume 483
9.5.2 Revenues 484
9.6 Market challenges 485
9.7 Companies 486
10 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SENSORS 488
10.1 Market overview 488
10.2 Printed piezoresistive sensors 490
10.2.1 Technology overview 490
10.2.2 Applications 493
10.2.2.1 Automotive 493
10.2.2.2 Consumer electronics 494
10.2.2.3 Medical 495
10.2.2.4 Inventory management 497
10.2.2.5 Industrial applications 497
10.3 Printed piezoelectric sensors 498
10.3.1 Technology overview 498
10.3.2 Applications 500
10.4 Printed photodetectors 502
10.4.1 Technology overview 502
10.4.2 Applications 506
10.4.2.1 Image Sensors 506
10.4.2.2 Biometrics 507
10.4.2.3 Flexible X-ray detectors 509
10.4.2.4 Healthcare and Wearables 509
10.4.2.5 Inventory Management 510
10.5 Printed temperature sensors 510
10.5.1 Technology overview 510
10.5.2 Applications 513
10.5.2.1 Automotive 513
10.5.2.2 Monitoring Systems 514
10.5.2.3 Consumer Electronics 514
10.6 Printed strain sensors 515
10.6.1 Technology overview 515
10.6.2 Applications 516
10.6.2.1 Industrial health monitoring 517
10.6.2.2 Motion Capture for AR/VR 517
10.6.2.3 Healthcare and Medical 517
10.7 Printed Gas Sensors 518
10.7.1 Technology overview 518
10.7.2 Applications 520
10.7.2.1 Outdoor Pollution Monitoring 521
10.7.2.2 Indoor Air Quality 521
10.7.2.3 Automotive 522
10.7.2.4 Breath Diagnostics 522
10.8 Printed capacitive sensors 523
10.8.1 Technology overview 523
10.8.2 Applications 525
10.8.2.1 3D electronics 525
10.8.2.2 In-mold Electronics 526
10.8.2.3 Hybrid Sensors 526
10.8.2.4 Flexible Displays 527
10.8.2.5 Automotive HMI 527
10.8.2.6 Wearables and AR/VR 527
10.8.2.7 Other Applications 528
10.9 Printed wearable electrodes 528
10.9.1 Technology overview 528
10.9.2 Applications 530
10.9.2.1 Wearable EMG 530
10.9.2.2 Skin Patches and E-Textiles 530
10.10 Printed humidity sensors 531
10.11 Printed electrochemical (bio)sensors 531
10.12 Printed magnetic/Hall sensors 531
10.13 Printed ultrasonic/acoustic sensors 532
10.14 Global market forecasts 532
10.14.1 Volume 532
10.14.2 Revenues 533
10.15 Companies 534
11 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS 536
11.1 Macro-trends 536
11.2 Market drivers 537
11.3 SWOT analysis 538
11.4 Applications 539
11.4.1 Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics 541
11.4.2 Customizable interiors 541
11.4.3 Sensors 542
11.4.3.1 Capacitive sensors 544
11.4.3.2 Temperature and humidity sensors 545
11.4.3.3 Sensors for air quality 547
11.4.3.4 Magnetostrictive sensors 547
11.4.3.5 Magneto- and electrorheological fluids 547
11.4.3.6 CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings 547
11.4.4 Building integrated transparent antennas 549
11.4.5 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) 550
11.4.6 Industrial monitoring 550
11.5 Global market forecasts 551
11.5.1 Revenues 551
11.6 Companies 553
12 SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS 554
12.1 What is Smart Packaging? 555
12.2 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) 556
12.3 Printed batteries and antennas 558
12.4 Flexible silicon integrated circuits 560
12.5 Natural materials in packaging 561
12.6 Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing 561
12.7 Displays and light-emitting electronics for smart and interactive packaging 563
12.7.1 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) 563
12.7.2 Electroluminescent (EL) displays and lighting 563
12.7.3 Electrophoretic displays (E-paper / EPD) 563
12.7.4 Electrochromic displays 564
12.7.5 Printed and flexible LEDs 564
12.8 Active packaging 564
12.9 Intelligent packaging 566
12.9.1 Smart Cards 567
12.9.2 Temperature Indicators 567
12.9.3 Freshness Indicators 568
12.9.4 Gas Indicators 569
12.10 SWOT analysis 569
12.11 Supply chain management 570
12.11.1 Improving product freshness and extending shelf life 571
12.11.2 Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting 572
12.12 Printed and flexible electronics in packaging 573
12.12.1 FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging 574
12.12.2 Printed codes and markings 576
12.12.3 Barcodes (D) 577
12.12.4 D data matrix codes 578
12.12.5 Quick response (QR) codes 579
12.12.6 Augmented reality (AR) codes 580
12.12.7 Sensors and indicators 581
12.12.7.1 Freshness Indicators 581
12.12.7.2 Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs) 582
12.12.7.3 Natural colour formulation indicator 583
12.12.7.4 Thermochromic inks 584
12.12.7.5 Gas indicators 584
12.12.7.6 Chemical Sensors 585
12.12.7.7 Electrochemical-Based Sensors 585
12.12.7.8 Optical-Based Sensors 586
12.12.7.9 Biosensors 586
12.12.7.9.1 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors 586
12.12.7.9.2 Optical-Based Biosensors 587
12.12.7.10 Edible Sensors 587
12.12.8 Antennas 588
12.12.8.1 Radio frequency identification (RFID) 588
12.12.8.1.1 RFID technologies 588
12.12.8.1.2 Market overview 589
12.12.8.1.3 RFID market size 590
12.12.8.1.4 RFID tags: applications, products, TRL 590
12.12.8.1.5 RFID power classes 591
12.12.8.1.6 Passive RFID 591
12.12.8.1.7 Active RFID 592
12.12.8.1.7.1 Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS) 592
12.12.8.1.7.2 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) 593
12.12.8.1.8 Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags 593
12.12.8.1.9 RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging 594
12.12.8.2 Semi-passive (battery-assisted passive, BAP) tags 594
12.12.8.3 Near-field communications (NFC) 594
12.12.8.4 Smart blister packs 595
12.13 Global market forecasts 597
12.13.1 Volume 597
12.13.2 Revenues 598
12.14 Companies 599
13 COMPANY PROFILES-CONSUMER ELECTRONICs 601 (144 company profiles)
14 COMPANY PROFILES-MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE 697 (312 company profiles)
15 COMPANY PROFILES-GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT 898 (78 company profiles)
16 COMPANY PROFILES- ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL 951 (116 company profiles)
17 COMPANY PROFILES-ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING 1027 (43 company profiles)
18 REFERENCES 1068
圖表清單 List of Tables & Figures
List of Tables
Table 1.Stretchable Electronics Applications 77
Table 2. Applications of stretchable electronics in wearables. 78
Table 3. Applications of stretchable electronics in sensors. 79
Table 4. Applications of stretchable artificial skin electronics 80
Table 5. Macro-trends driving printed & flexible electronics. 80
Table 6. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in healthcare & wellness and TRL. 81
Table 7. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive and TRL. 82
Table 8. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in buildings and construction. 82
Table 9. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in energy storage and harvesting. 83
Table 10. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in E-textiles and TRL. 83
Table 11. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in consumer electronics. 84
Table 12. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in smart packaging and logistics. 84
Table 13. Applications of printed and flexible electronics Extended reality (XR) and TRL. 85
Table 14. Types of wearable devices and applications. 86
Table 15. Types of wearable devices and the data collected. 87
Table 16. New wearable tech products, 2024–2026 89
Table 17. Global wearable electronics market leaders by shipment volume, 2025 91
Table 18. Wearable market leaders by market segment. 92
Table 19. Applications for printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the metaverse. 92
Table 20. Advanced materials for Printed and Flexible and sensors and electronics-Advantages and disadvantages. 94
Table 21. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE). 95
Table 22. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in the entertainment industry. 97
Table 23. Recent growth in printed, flexible and hybrid products, 2023–2026 97
Table 24. Future growth drivers for printed and flexible electronics 98
Table 25. Wearable, printed and flexible electronics at CES 2023–2026 100
Table 26. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2024-2026. 101
Table 27. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics. 102
Table 28. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE 103
Table 29. Research and commercial activity in FHE. 104
Table 30. Printed & flexible consumer electronics revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD). 106
Table 31. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2025-2037, (millions USD). 107
Table 32. Printed & flexible consumer E-textiles and smart apparel revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD). 108
Table 33. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2025-2037, (US$ millions) 110
Table 34. Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions) 111
Table 35. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions). 112
Table 36. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions) 114
Table 37. Global XR market by technology, 2025–2037 (US$ billions) 115
Table 38. Neural interfaces & AI-ambient wearables, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 116
Table 39. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics. 118
Table 40. Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput. 120
Table 41. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics. 121
Table 42. Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications. 122
Table 43. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps 123
Table 44. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing. 124
Table 45. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods. 126
Table 46. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing 127
Table 47. Innovations in high resolution printing. 128
Table 48. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics. 131
Table 49. IME manufacturing techniques. 132
Table 50. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing. 134
Table 51. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing. 135
Table 52. Emerging and specialised manufacturing methods 140
Table 53. Technology readiness of printing/deposition technologies, 2026 140
Table 54. Materials for printed and flexible electronics. 141
Table 55. Comparison of component attachment materials. 141
Table 56. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards 142
Table 57. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs. 145
Table 58. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication. 146
Table 59. Low temperature solder alloys. 147
Table 60. Thermally sensitive substrate materials. 148
Table 61. Typical conductive ink formulation. 151
Table 62. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 153
Table 63. Technology readiness of conductive-ink types, 2024 vs 2026 153
Table 64. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 159
Table 65. Conductive ink producers. 159
Table 66. Functional and specialty inks — supplier and readiness summary 168
Table 67. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors. 169
Table 68. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages. 169
Table 69. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors. 172
Table 70. Printed/flexible sensor types (with TRL) 172
Table 71. Flexible substrate materials, TRL, Properties and Applications 175
Table 72. Properties of typical flexible substrates. 175
Table 73. Comparison of stretchable substrates. 176
Table 74. Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics. 178
Table 75. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs. 179
Table 76. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages. 180
Table 77. Flexible integrated-circuit approaches, TRL, Performance and Applications 182
Table 78. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies. 183
Table 79. Challenges in PCB manufacturing. 185
Table 80. Printed and flexible PCB technologies, TRL, Feature size, Status and Applications 186
Table 81. Thin-film and printed battery technologies, TRL 2026, Energy density, Status and Applications 188
Table 82. Printed and flexible energy-harvesting technologies, Source, Status and Applications 190
Table 83. Macro-trends in consumer electronics. 194
Table 84. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics. 195
Table 85. Types of wearable sensors. 197
Table 86. Trends in wearable technology. 198
Table 87. Consumer electronics — materials & component suppliers 199
Table 88. Wearable device producers and 2024–2026 products (new/upgraded) 202
Table 89. Consumer devices — smart rings, XR, AI-ambient & neural 202
Table 90. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device. 203
Table 91. Overview of actuating at the wrist 204
Table 92. Wearable health monitors. 208
Table 93. Sports-watches, smartwatches & fitness trackers-companies and products 209
Table 94. Wearable sensors for sports performance with TRL 211
Table 95. Product types in the hearing assistance technology market. 213
Table 96. Sensing options in the ear. 214
Table 97. Health & Fitness Hearables 216
Table 98. AI hearing products 218
Table 99. Companies and products in hearables. 218
Table 100. Wearable sleep tracker products and prices. 219
Table 101. Smart ring products. 220
Table 102. Sleep headband products. 221
Table 103. Sleep monitoring products. 222
Table 104. Pet & animal wearables companies and products. 223
Table 105. Wearable electronics applications in the military. 224
Table 106. Industrial and workplace monitoring — technologies and TRL (new) 225
Table 107. Wearable workplace products. 225
Table 108. Global market for printed and flexible Consumer electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units) 225
Table 109. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 227
Table 110. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics. 228
Table 111. Macro trends in medical & healthcare/ wellness electronics. 229
Table 112. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 230
Table 113. Examples of wearable medical device products 232
Table 114. Healthcare/wellness applications for printed/flexible electronics. 233
Table 115. Examples of wearable medical device products. 235
Table 116. Medical wearable companies applying products to remote monitoring and analysis. 237
Table 117. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products. 242
Table 118. Electronic skin patch manufacturing value chain. 243
Table 119. Benefits of electronic skin patches as a form factor. 244
Table 120. Current and emerging applications for electronic skin patches, TRL. 245
Table 121. Electronic skin patches — nanomaterials-based devices 246
Table 122. Printed and flexible battery products 247
Table 123. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 248
Table 124. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis. 251
Table 125. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages. 253
Table 126. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market. 253
Table 127. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products. 254
Table 128. Companies and products in ECG patch monitors and clothing for cardiovascular monitoring 255
Table 129. Companies and products in PPG sensors (photoplethysmography) 256
Table 130. Pregnancy & newborn monitoring — applications and TRL 257
Table 131. Companies and products in pregnancy and newborn monitoring 257
Table 132. Companies and products in hydration sensors 258
Table 133. Companies in wearable sweat sensors — products and commercial status 260
Table 134. Wearable drug delivery — applications and TRL 260
Table 135. Wearable drug delivery companies and products. 261
Table 136. Companies and products in cosmetics patches. 262
Table 137. Companies developing femtech wearable technology. 262
Table 138. Companies and products in smart footwear. 263
Table 139. Companies and products — smart contact lenses and vision-assistance glasses 264
Table 140. Companies and products in smart wound care. 265
Table 141. Companies developing smart diaper products. 266
Table 142. Wearable robotics — applications and TRL 266
Table 143. Medical and rehabilitation exoskeletons 267
Table 144. Industrial exosuits 267
Table 145. Bionic prostheses 268
Table 146. Companies developing wearable robotics. 269
Table 147. Global Market for Printed and Flexible Medical & Healthcare Electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units) 270
Table 148. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 271
Table 149. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 272
Table 150. Macro-trends for electronic textiles. 275
Table 151. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles. 276
Table 152. Performance requirements for E-textiles. 277
Table 153. Commercially available smart clothing products. 282
Table 154. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods. 284
Table 155. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles. 285
Table 156. Methods for integrating conductive compounds. 286
Table 157. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber. 287
Table 158. 1D electronic fibres — materials, fabrication, conductivity, stretchability and applications 289
Table 159. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold. 290
Table 160. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms. 291
Table 161. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles. 292
Table 162. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel. 293
Table 163. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 293
Table 164. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 298
Table 165. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications. 299
Table 166. Types of conductive inks in e-textiles 302
Table 167. 3D printed shoes. 305
Table 168. Sensors used in electronic textiles. 306
Table 169. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures. 310
Table 170. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors. 311
Table 171. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles. 312
Table 172. Heated jacket and clothing products. 314
Table 173. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications. 314
Table 174. Applications of stretchable e-fabrics (products and TRL) 315
Table 175. Flexible therapeutic products (applications, products, TRL) 315
Table 176. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications. 317
Table 177. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance. 317
Table 178. Companies and products in smart footwear. 318
Table 179. Wearable Displays Applications. 319
Table 180. Types of Wearable Displays. 319
Table 181. Commercial Examples of Wearable Displays. 320
Table 182. Military e-textile applications and TRL 320
Table 183. Textile-based lighting technologies and TRL 321
Table 184. Smart glove products. 322
Table 185. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables. 322
Table 186. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles. 323
Table 187. Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles 323
Table 188. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 324
Table 189. Energy-harvesting systems for e-textiles (with TRL) 325
Table 190. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles. 325
Table 191. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR (products and TRL) 329
Table 192. Teslasuit. 329
Table 193. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025-2037 (Million Units). 329
Table 194. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 330
Table 195. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing. 332
Table 196. Market players in E-textiles. 333
Table 197. Macro-trends in printed and flexible electronics in energy. 334
Table 198. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting. 335
Table 199. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics. 336
Table 200. Flexible batteries on the market 338
Table 201. Types of flexible batteries 339
Table 202. Approaches to flexibility in batteries 339
Table 203. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries 340
Table 204. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components. 340
Table 205. Various intrinsically deformable materials for flexible batteries 341
Table 206. Products and TRL-Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries 342
Table 207. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries. 342
Table 208. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries. 344
Table 209. Products and TRL- Printed batteries 347
Table 210. Main components and properties of different printed battery types. 349
Table 211, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used. 350
Table 212. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements. 352
Table 213. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 354
Table 214. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries. 355
Table 215. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries. 356
Table 216. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types. 358
Table 217. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing. 360
Table 218. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries. 361
Table 219. Products and TRL- Thin-film solid-state batteries 362
Table 220. Main Fabrication Techniques for Thin-Film Batteries. 363
Table 221. Types of solid-state electrolytes. 363
Table 222. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries. 363
Table 223. Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries. 365
Table 224. Products and TRL- Stretchable batteries 367
Table 225. Products and TRL- Metal-sulfur batteries 368
Table 226. Products and TRL- Flexible zinc-based batteries 368
Table 227. Products and TRL- Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries 369
Table 228. Products and TRL- Flexible zinc–air batteries 369
Table 229. Products and TRL- Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries 370
Table 230. Products and TRL- Fiber-shaped (1D) batteries 371
Table 231. Products and TRL- Transparent batteries 371
Table 232. Components of transparent batteries. 371
Table 233. Products and TRL- Degradable batteries 373
Table 234. Components of degradable batteries. 373
Table 235. Organic vs. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes. 376
Table 236. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries. 377
Table 237. Manufacturing methods for flexible batteries 384
Table 238. Performance Metrics and Characteristics for Printed and Flexible Batteries. 384
Table 239. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 387
Table 240. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors. 388
Table 241. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors. 389
Table 242. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors. 389
Table 243. TRL conductive pastes for photovoltaics. 392
Table 244. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics. 393
Table 245. Applications and TRL- Organic photovoltaics 394
Table 246. Applications and TRL- Perovskite photovoltaics 394
Table 247. Applications and TRL- Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics 395
Table 248. Companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics. 395
Table 249. Applications and TRL- Photovoltaic solar textiles 396
Table 250. Applications and TRL- Solar tape 397
Table 251. Applications and TRL- Origami-like solar cells 397
Table 252. Applications and TRL- Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics 398
Table 253. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications. 398
Table 254. Applications and TRL- Automotive transparent and flexible heaters 399
Table 255. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications. 399
Table 256. Applications and TRL- aerospace and aviation transparent and flexible heaters 401
Table 257. Applications and TRL- Consumer electronics transparent and flexible heaters 402
Table 258. Applications and TRL- buildings transparent and flexible heaters 403
Table 259. Smart Window Applications of Transparent Heaters. 404
Table 260. Applications and TRL- medical and healthcare transparent and flexible heaters 405
Table 261. Applications and TRL- display transparent and flexible heaters 408
Table 262. Applications and TRL- energy systems transparent and flexible heaters 410
Table 263. Applications of Printed and Flexible Fuel Cells. 411
Table 264. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy. 413
Table 265. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (million units) 414
Table 266. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 415
Table 267. Market players in printed and flexible energy storage and harvesting. 416
Table 268. Macro-trends in displays. 418
Table 269. Market drivers for Printed and flexible displays and electronic components. 418
Table 270. Printed and flexible display prototypes and products 420
Table 271. Comparative table of display technologies 421
Table 272. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies 427
Table 273. Flexible mini-LED and microLED products 428
Table 274. Transparent display products 433
Table 275. Foldable smartphones (products and TRL) 435
Table 276. Market for foldable smartphones, 2025–2027 (million units) 435
Table 277. Foldable laptops, tablets and other displays (products and TRL) 436
Table 278. Market for foldable laptops, tablets and other displays, 2025–2027 (thousand units) 436
Table 279. Foldable smartphones, laptops, tablets and other display products (on or near market) 437
Table 280. Comparative table of lighting technologies 438
Table 281. Flexible lighting types. 439
Table 282. Flexible lighting applications 440
Table 283. Flexible/OLED automotive lighting — companies and products 441
Table 284. Companies developing OLED lighting products 442
Table 285. Flexible display shipments, 2025–2037 (million units) 443
Table 286. Printed and flexible display revenue, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 444
Table 287. Market challenges in printed and flexible displays. 445
Table 288. Market players in printed and flexible displays. 446
Table 289. Macro-trends in automotive. 448
Table 290. Market drivers for printed and flexible electronics in automotive. 449
Table 291. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive — with TRL 450
Table 292. Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting. 454
Table 293. Printed and flexible electronics are being integrated into vehicle interiors. 455
Table 294. Applications of curved displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL). 459
Table 295. Companies developing curved automotive displays. 459
Table 296. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive. 463
Table 297. HUD vs other display types. 465
Table 298. Automotive display Mini-LED and Micro-LED products. 466
Table 299. Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors. 469
Table 300. Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors. 470
Table 301. Piezoelectric sensors for automotive applications. 471
Table 302. Printed piezoelectric sensors in automotive applications. 472
Table 303. SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS. 473
Table 304. Types of printed photodetectors and image sensors developed for automotive applications 474
Table 305. Comparison of SWIR image sensors technologies 475
Table 306. Comparison of conventional and printed seat heaters for automotive applications. 476
Table 307. Printed car seat heaters. 476
Table 308. Types of Printed/flexible interior heaters. 476
Table 309. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows. 479
Table 310. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications. 479
Table 311. Transparent electronics for automotive radar for ADAS. 480
Table 312. Global market for automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (million units) 483
Table 313. Global market for printed & flexible automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 484
Table 314. Market challenges for printed and flexible electronics in automotive. 486
Table 315. Market players in printed and flexible electronics in automotive. 486
Table 316. Market opportunities in printed and flexible sensors. 488
Table 317.Growth Opportunities in Printed and Flexible Sensors. 489
Table 318. Growth Markets for Printed Sensor Technology. 490
Table 319. Printed piezoresistive sensors — applications and TRL 490
Table 320.Manufacturing Methods for Printed Piezoresistive Sensors 491
Table 321. Piezoresistive vs Capacitive Touch Sensors. 492
Table 322. Printed piezoresistive sensors applications. 493
Table 323. Printed piezoelectric sensors — applications and TRL 498
Table 324. Manufacturing Process of Piezoelectric Polymers. 499
Table 325. Printed Piezoelectric Materials in Sensors. 499
Table 326. Printed piezoelectric sensors Applications. 500
Table 327. Printed photodetectors — applications and TRL 502
Table 328. Comparison of Photodetector Technologies. 503
Table 329. Materials for Thin Film Photodetectors. 504
Table 330. Pros and Cons of Printed QD Manufacturing Methods. 505
Table 331. Printed photodetectors Applications. 506
Table 332. Printed temperature sensors — applications and TRL 510
Table 333. Types of Temperature Sensors. 511
Table 334. Printed Temperature Sensor Materials and Printing Methods. 512
Table 335. Printed temperature sensors Applications. 513
Table 336. Printed strain sensors — applications and TRL 515
Table 337. Printed strain sensors Applications. 516
Table 338. Printed gas sensors — applications and TRL 518
Table 339. Types and Materials for Printed Gas Sensors. 519
Table 340. Printed Gas Sensor Applications. 520
Table 341. Printed capacitive sensors — applications and TRL 523
Table 342. Printed Capacitive Sensor Technologies. 524
Table 343. Materials Used in Printed Capacitive Sensors. 524
Table 344. Printed capacitive sensors Applications 525
Table 345. Printed wearable electrodes — applications and TRL 528
Table 346. Applications and Product Types of Printed Wearable Electrodes. 529
Table 347. Wet vs. Dry Electrodes for Wearable Applications. 529
Table 348. Applications of printed wearable electrodes. 530
Table 349. Printed humidity sensors-Application and TRL. 531
Table 350. Printed electrochemical sensors -Application and TRL. 531
Table 351. Printed magnetic sensors -Application and TRL. 532
Table 352. Printed ultrasonic and acoustic sensors -Application and TRL. 532
Table 353. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (volume, million units) 532
Table 354. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (US$ billions) 533
Table 355. Market players in printed and flexible sensors. 534
Table 356. Macro-trends in smart buildings and construction. 536
Table 357. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings. 537
Table 358. Applications of printed & flexible smart-buildings electronics, with Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 539
Table 359. Printed and flexible electronics being applied for building, infrastructure, and industrial applications. 541
Table 360. Printed electronics in customizable smart building interiors. 541
Table 361. Types of smart building sensors. 542
Table 362. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings. 543
Table 363. Capacitive sensors integrated into smart buildings. 544
Table 364. Types of flexible humidity sensors. 545
Table 365. MOF sensor applications. 548
Table 366. Global market for printed and flexible smart-buildings electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 551
Table 367. Market players in printed and flexible smart buildings electronics. 553
Table 368. Active and Intelligent packaging classification. 555
Table 369. Printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging-Component,Type / chemistry, Role in smart packaging, Key materials, Form / performance, TRL. 558
Table 370. Consumer goods applications for printed/flexible electronics. 561
Table 371. Types of Active packaging. 565
Table 372. Commercially available food active packaging. 565
Table 373. Types of intelligent packaging. 566
Table 374. Smart cards: applications, products, TRL 567
Table 375. Temperature indicators (TTI): packaging applications, products, TRL 567
Table 376. Freshness indicators: packaging applications, products, TRL 568
Table 377. Gas indicators: packaging applications, products, TRL 569
Table 378. Supply chain management considerations for smart electronic packaging targeted at consumers. 570
Table 379. Printed and flexible electronics in packaging 573
Table 380. FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging: applications, products, TRL 575
Table 381. Printed codes and markings: applications, products, TRL 576
Table 382. Barcodes (1D): applications, products, TRL 577
Table 383. Types of printed/flexible electronics and materials that can be used to enhance packaging barcodes. 578
Table 384. Augmented reality (AR) codes: applications, products, TRL 579
Table 385. Sensors and indicators in smart packaging 581
Table 386. Commercially available freshness indicators. 582
Table 387. Commercial examples of time-temperature indicators 582
Table 388. Examples of Chemical Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs). 583
Table 389. Types of ripeness indicators. 584
Table 390. Commercially available gas indicators. 585
Table 391. Chemical sensors in smart packaging. 585
Table 392. Electrochemical-based sensors for smart food packaging. 585
Table 393. Optical-based sensors for smart food packaging applications. 586
Table 394. Electrochemical biosensors for smart food packaging: 586
Table 395. Optical-Based Biosensors for smart food packaging. 587
Table 396. Types of edible sensors for food packaging. 587
Table 397. Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology. 589
Table 398. RFID tags: applications, products, TRL 590
Table 399. Passive RFID: Technologies by Operating Frequency. 591
Table 400. Examples of NFC in packaging. 595
Table 401. Companies in smart blister packs. 596
Table 402. Global market for smart packaging electronics, 2025–2037 (millions of units) 596
Table 403. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 597
Table 404. Market players in smart packaging electronics. 598
Table 405. 3DOM separator. 1028
Table 406. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries. 1047
List of Figures
Figure 1. Evolution of electronics. 74
Figure 2. Wearable technology inventions. 75
Figure 3. 3D printed stretchable electronics. 78
Figure 4.Global wearable electronics market by category, 2026 vs 2036. 89
Figure 5. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts. 93
Figure 6. Printed & flexible consumer electronics revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD). 107
Figure 7. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2025-2037, (millions USD). 108
Figure 8. Printed & flexible consumer E-textiles and smart apparel revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD). 109
Figure 9. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2025-2037, (US$ millions) 111
Figure 10.Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions) 112
Figure 11. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions). 113
Figure 12. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions) 115
Figure 13. Global XR market by technology, 2025–2037 (US$ billions) 116
Figure 14. Neural interfaces & AI-ambient wearables, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 117
Figure 15. Printing methods positioned by resolution and throughput. 119
Figure 16. SWOT analysis for printed electronics. 121
Figure 17. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics. 124
Figure 18. SWOT analysis for analogue printing. 127
Figure 19. SWOT analysis for digital printing. 129
Figure 20. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products. 130
Figure 21. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics. 133
Figure 22. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing. 136
Figure 23. Conductive-ink technology readiness progression, 2024–2026. 154
Figure 24. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors. 171
Figure 25. SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials. 174
Figure 26. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits. 184
Figure 27. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries. 190
Figure 28. SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting. 193
Figure 29. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics. 196
Figure 30. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief. 206
Figure 31. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables. 207
Figure 32. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables). 216
Figure 33. Global market for printed and flexible Consumer electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units) 226
Figure 34. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 227
Figure 35. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in medical and healthcare/wellness. 231
Figure 36. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible electronics in skin patches. 250
Figure 37. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer. 251
Figure 38. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch. 259
Figure 39. Global Market for Printed and Flexible Medical & Healthcare Electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units) 271
Figure 40. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 272
Figure 41. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles. 277
Figure 42. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles. 279
Figure 43. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles. 280
Figure 44. Adidas smart insole. 309
Figure 45. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025-2037 (Million Units). 330
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