Iron & Steel Market by Type (Iron and Steel), Iron Production Technology, Steel Production Technology, End-use Industry (Construction & Building, Automotive & Transportation, Consumer Goods, Heavy Industries), and Region - Global Forecast to 2031

1 INTRODUCTION 30 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 30 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 30 1.3 STUDY SCOPE 31 1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED & REGIONAL SCOPE 31 1.3.2 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS 32 1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED 32 1.3.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 33 1.3.5 UNIT CONSIDERED 33 1.3.6 STAKEHOLDERS 33 1.4 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 33 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 34 2.1 KEY INSIGHTS AND MARKET HIGHLIGHTS 34 2.2 KEY MARKET PARTICIPANTS: SHARE INSIGHTS AND STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS 35 2.3 DISRUPTIVE TRENDS SHAPING MARKET 36 2.4 HIGH-GROWTH SEGMENTS & EMERGING FRONTIERS 37 2.5 SNAPSHOT: GLOBAL MARKET SIZE, GROWTH RATE, AND FORECAST 38 3 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 39 3.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN IRON & STEEL MARKET 39 3.2 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY TYPE AND END-USE INDUSTRY 40 3.3 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY STEEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 41 3.4 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY IRON PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 41 3.5 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY 42 4 MARKET OVERVIEW 43 4.1 INTRODUCTION 43 4.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 43 4.2.1 DRIVERS 44 4.2.1.1 Abundance of iron ore & other minerals for steel production 44 4.2.1.2 Expansion of urban infrastructure networks beyond core cities 45 4.2.1.3 Rising steel consumption in energy & power and automotive industries 46 4.2.2 RESTRAINTS 47 4.2.2.1 Carbon transition pressure and cost of decarbonization technologies 47 4.2.2.2 Volatility in raw material quality and supply security 47 4.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 48 4.2.3.1 Green steel premiumization and carbon-neutral supply contracts 48 4.2.3.2 Scrap-based steel production expansion (circular economy integration) 48 4.2.4 CHALLENGES 49 4.2.4.1 Navigating trade barriers and market access uncertainty 49 4.2.4.2 Excess global steel overcapacity distorting pricing and profitability dynamics 49 4.3 UNMET NEEDS AND WHITE SPACES 50 4.3.1 UNMET NEEDS IN IRON & STEEL MARKET 50 4.3.1.1 Cost-competitive low-carbon steel production without margin erosion 50 4.3.1.2 Securing high-quality raw material supply for consistent steel performance 50 4.3.1.3 Scalable scrap collection and processing infrastructure in emerging markets 51 4.3.2 WHITE SPACE OPPORTUNITIES 51 4.3.2.1 Ultra-low impurity scrap utilization for high-grade flat steel production 51 4.3.2.2 Limited availability of DR-grade iron ore for hydrogen-based steelmaking 51 4.3.2.3 Inability to achieve ultra-low emission steel below 0.5 tonnes CO₂ per ton 52 4.4 INTERCONNECTED MARKETS AND CROSS-SECTOR OPPORTUNITIES 52 4.4.1 INTERCONNECTED MARKETS 52 4.4.2 CROSS-SECTOR OPPORTUNITIES 53 4.5 STRATEGIC MOVES BY TIER 1/2/3 PLAYERS 54 4.5.1 KEY MOVES AND STRATEGIC FOCUS 54 5 INDUSTRY TRENDS 56 5.1 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 56 5.1.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 57 5.1.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 57 5.1.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 58 5.1.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 58 5.1.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 58 5.2 MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS 58 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION 58 5.2.2 GDP TRENDS AND FORECASTS 59 5.3 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 60 5.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 62 5.5 PRICING ANALYSIS 63 5.5.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE AMONG KEY PLAYERS, BY TYPE 63 5.5.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION 64 5.6 TRADE ANALYSIS 65 5.6.1 IMPORT DATA RELATED TO HS CODE 78, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2025 (USD THOUSAND) 65 5.6.2 EXPORT DATA RELATED TO HS CODE 78, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2025 (USD THOUSAND) 66 5.7 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025–2026 67 5.8 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 68 5.9 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO 68 5.10 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 69 5.10.1 ARCELORMITTAL: ADVANCED HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL FOR AUTOMOTIVE LIGHTWEIGHTING 69 5.10.2 POSCO: INNOVEX HIGH-GRADE ELECTRICAL STEEL FOR EV MOTORS 70 5.10.3 TATA STEEL: COLORCOAT PRISMA COATED STEEL FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 70 5.11 IMPACT OF 2025 US TARIFFS ON IRON & STEEL MARKET 71 5.11.1 INTRODUCTION 71 5.11.2 KEY TARIFF RATES 71 5.11.3 PRICE IMPACT ANALYSIS 71 5.11.4 KEY IMPACT ON VARIOUS REGIONS 72 5.11.4.1 US 72 5.11.4.2 Europe 72 5.11.4.3 Asia Pacific 72 5.11.5 IMPACT ON END-USE INDUSTRIES 72 6 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS 74 6.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES 74 6.1.1 BLAST FURNACE–BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE (BF–BOF) STEELMAKING 74 6.1.2 ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE (EAF) STEELMAKING 74 6.1.3 DIRECT REDUCED IRON (DRI) TECHNOLOGY 75 6.1.4 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES 76 6.1.4.1 Coke oven & sintering technology 76 6.1.4.2 Scrap processing & pre-treatment systems 76 6.1.5 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES 77 6.1.5.1 Hydrogen-based Steelmaking (H-DRI) 77 6.1.5.2 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) 78 6.2 TECHNOLOGY/PRODUCT ROADMAP 78 6.2.1 SHORT-TERM (2025–2027) | PROCESS EFFICIENCY & DECARBONIZATION READINESS PHASE 78 6.2.2 MID-TERM (2027–2030) | PROCESS INTEGRATION & LOW-CARBON TRANSITION PHASE 79 6.2.3 LONG-TERM (2030–2035+): GREEN STEEL & FULL DECARBONIZATION PHASE 79 6.3 PATENT ANALYSIS 80 6.3.1 INTRODUCTION 80 6.3.2 APPROACH 80 6.3.3 TOP APPLICANTS 81 6.4 FUTURE APPLICATIONS 83 6.4.1 FULLY HYDROGEN-PLASMA IRONMAKING (PLASMA SMELTING REDUCTION) 83 6.4.2 MOLTEN OXIDE ELECTROLYSIS (MOE) STEEL PRODUCTION 83 6.4.3 SELF-HEALING STEEL MATERIALS 84 6.5 IMPACT OF AI/GENERATIVE AI ON IRON & STEEL MARKET 84 6.5.1 TOP USE CASES AND MARKET POTENTIAL 85 6.5.2 BEST PRACTICES IN IRON & STEEL 86 6.5.3 CASE STUDIES OF AI IMPLEMENTATION IN IRON & STEEL MARKET 86 6.5.4 INTERCONNECTED ADJACENT ECOSYSTEM AND IMPACT ON MARKET PLAYERS 87 6.5.5 CLIENTS’ READINESS TO ADOPT GENERATIVE AI IN IRON & STEEL MARKET 87 7 SUSTAINABILITY AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 89 7.1 REGIONAL REGULATIONS AND COMPLIANCE 89 7.1.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 89 7.1.2 INDUSTRY STANDARDS 91 7.2 SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES 93 7.2.1 CARBON IMPACT AND ECO-APPLICATIONS OF IRON & STEEL 93 7.2.1.1 Carbon impact reduction 93 7.2.1.2 Eco-applications 93 7.3 SUSTAINABILITY IMPACT AND REGULATORY POLICY INITIATIVES 94 7.4 CERTIFICATIONS, LABELING, AND ECO-STANDARDS 95 8 CUSTOMER LANDSCAPE & BUYER BEHAVIOR 97 8.1 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS 97 8.2 BUYER STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING EVALUATION CRITERIA 99 8.2.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 99 8.2.2 BUYING CRITERIA 100 8.3 ADOPTION BARRIERS & INTERNAL CHALLENGES 100 8.4 UNMET NEEDS FROM VARIOUS END-USE INDUSTRIES 102 8.5 MARKET PROFITABILITY 102 8.5.1 REVENUE POTENTIAL 103 8.5.2 COST DYNAMICS 103 8.5.3 MARGIN OPPORTUNITIES, BY END-USE INDUSTRY 104 9 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY TYPE 105 9.1 INTRODUCTION 106 9.2 IRON 107 9.2.1 DECARBONIZATION AND FEEDSTOCK QUALITY FUNDAMENTALLY TRANSFORMING GLOBAL IRON VALUE CHAINS 107 9.3 STEEL 108 9.3.1 SHIFTING DEMAND MIX AND LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES REDEFINING GLOBAL STEEL COMPETITIVENESS 108 9.3.1.1 Carbon steel 108 9.3.1.2 Stainless steel 109 9.3.1.3 Alloy steel 109 9.3.1.4 Tool steel 109 9.3.1.5 Types by steel forming 110 9.3.1.5.1 Hot-rolled coil 110 9.3.1.5.2 Hot-rolled plate 110 9.3.1.5.3 Cold-rolled coil 110 9.3.1.5.4 Hot-dipped galvanized coil 110 9.3.1.5.5 Electro zinc-coated coil 111 9.3.1.5.6 Wire rod 111 9.3.1.5.7 Sections & beams 111 10 STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 112 10.1 INTRODUCTION 113 10.2 BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE 115 10.2.1 CARBON-INTENSIVE LEGACY INFRASTRUCTURE AND SCALE EFFICIENCIES CONTINUE TO DEFINE BOF STEELMAKING 115 10.3 ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE 116 10.3.1 SCRAP AVAILABILITY AND ENERGY ECONOMICS DRIVING EAF STEELMAKING COMPETITIVENESS 116 10.4 OTHER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 116 11 IRON MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 118 11.1 INTRODUCTION 119 11.2 BLAST FURNACE PROCESS 120 11.2.1 HIGH CARBON INTENSITY AND RAW MATERIAL DEPENDENCE CONTINUE TO DEFINE BLAST FURNACE IRONMAKING 120 11.3 DIRECT REDUCED IRON (DRI) PROCESS 121 11.3.1 GAS-BASED REDUCTION AND HYDROGEN TRANSITION RESHAPING DRI COMPETITIVENESS GLOBALLY 121 12 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY 122 12.1 INTRODUCTION 123 12.2 BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION 125 12.2.1 INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT MOMENTUM AND SUSTAINABILITY SHIFTS RESHAPING CONSTRUCTION STEEL DEMAND 125 12.3 AUTOMOTIVE & TRANSPORTATION 126 12.3.1 ELECTRIFICATION AND LIGHTWEIGHTING TRENDS TRANSFORMING STEEL DEMAND IN MOBILITY 126 12.4 CONSUMER GOODS 126 12.4.1 APPLIANCE DEMAND AND URBAN CONSUMPTION TRENDS DRIVING STEEL USE IN CONSUMER GOODS 126 12.5 HEAVY INDUSTRIES 127 12.5.1 INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION AND ENERGY TRANSITION DRIVING STEEL DEMAND IN HEAVY INDUSTRIES 127 12.6 OTHER END-USE INDUSTRIES 128 13 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY REGION 129 13.1 INTRODUCTION 130 13.2 NORTH AMERICA 132 13.2.1 US 136 13.2.1.1 Robust construction, automotive output, and reshoring trends 136 13.2.2 CANADA 139 13.2.2.1 Housing expansion, industrial exports, and logistics growth 139 13.2.3 MEXICO 142 13.2.3.1 Infrastructure expansion and automotive growth 142 13.2.4 REST OF NORTH AMERICA 145 13.3 ASIA PACIFIC 148 13.3.1 CHINA 153 13.3.1.1 Industrial upgrading and infrastructure expansion 153 13.3.2 INDIA 156 13.3.2.1 Infrastructure expansion and industrial growth 156 13.3.3 JAPAN 159 13.3.3.1 Infrastructure modernization and energy transition 159 13.3.4 SOUTH KOREA 162 13.3.4.1 Industrial upgrading and export-led manufacturing 162 13.3.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 165 13.4 EUROPE 167 13.4.1 GERMANY 172 13.4.1.1 Industrial recovery, automotive expansion, and green steel transition 172 13.4.2 UK 175 13.4.2.1 Infrastructure recovery, construction pipeline, and aerospace growth 175 13.4.3 FRANCE 178 13.4.3.1 Infrastructure modernization, automotive expansion, and housing revival 178 13.4.4 RUSSIA 181 13.4.4.1 Industrial production, infrastructure expansion, and energy stability 181 13.4.5 SPAIN 184 13.4.5.1 Rapid construction surge and stable steel output 184 13.4.6 ITALY 187 13.4.6.1 Industrial manufacturing expansion and structural demand shifts 187 13.4.7 REST OF EUROPE 190 13.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 193 13.5.1 GCC COUNTRIES 198 13.5.1.1 Saudi Arabia 201 13.5.1.1.1 Industrial diversification and mega infrastructure expansion 201 13.5.1.2 UAE 204 13.5.1.2.1 Mega infrastructure investment and industrial expansion 204 13.5.1.3 Rest of GCC countries 207 13.5.2 SOUTH AFRICA 210 13.5.2.1 Infrastructure investment and industrial manufacturing 210 13.5.3 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 213 13.6 SOUTH AMERICA 216 13.6.1 BRAZIL 220 13.6.1.1 Mining strength and industrial expansion 220 13.6.2 ARGENTINA 223 13.6.2.1 Investment revival and mining-led export growth 223 13.6.3 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA 226 14 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 230 14.1 OVERVIEW 230 14.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN 230 14.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2020–2024 232 14.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2025 233 14.5 BRAND COMPARISON 236 14.6 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2025 237 14.6.1 STARS 237 14.6.2 EMERGING LEADERS 237 14.6.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 237 14.6.4 PARTICIPANTS 237 14.6.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2025 239 14.6.5.1 Company footprint 239 14.6.5.2 Region footprint 240 14.6.5.3 Type footprint 241 14.6.5.4 Production technology footprint (Iron) 242 14.6.5.5 Production technology footprint (Steel) 243 14.6.5.6 End-use industry footprint 244 14.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024 245 14.7.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 245 14.7.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 245 14.7.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 245 14.7.4 STARTING BLOCKS 245 14.7.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2025 247 14.7.5.1 List of key startups/SMEs 247 14.7.6 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES 248 14.8 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS 249 14.8.1 COMPANY VALUATION 249 14.9 FINANCIAL METRICS 250 14.10 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 251 14.10.1 DEALS 256 14.10.2 EXPANSIONS 267 15 COMPANY PROFILES 274 15.1 KEY PLAYERS 274 15.1.1 ARCELORMITTAL 274 15.1.1.1 Business overview 274 15.1.1.2 Products offered 275 15.1.1.3 Recent developments 276 15.1.1.3.1 Product launches 276 15.1.1.3.2 Deals 277 15.1.1.3.3 Expansions 279 15.1.1.4 MnM view 280 15.1.1.4.1 Right to win 280 15.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices 280 15.1.1.4.3 Weakness and competitive threats 280 15.1.2 CHINA BAOWU STEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED 281 15.1.2.1 Business overview 281 15.1.2.2 Products offered 282 15.1.2.3 Recent developments 283 15.1.2.3.1 Product launches 283 15.1.2.3.2 Deals 284 15.1.2.3.3 Expansions 286 15.1.2.4 MnM view 286 15.1.2.4.1 Right to win 286 15.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices 287 15.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses & competitive threats 287 15.1.3 TATA STEEL 288 15.1.3.1 Business overview 288 15.1.3.2 Products offered 289 15.1.3.3 Recent developments 291 15.1.3.3.1 Product launches 291 15.1.3.3.2 Deals 291 15.1.3.3.3 Expansions 293 15.1.3.4 MnM view 294 15.1.3.4.1 Right to win 294 15.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices 294 15.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 294 15.1.4 JSW 295 15.1.4.1 Business overview 295 15.1.4.2 Products offered 296 15.1.4.3 Recent developments 296 15.1.4.3.1 Product launches 296 15.1.4.3.2 Deals 297 15.1.4.3.3 Expansions 298 15.1.4.4 MnM view 299 15.1.4.4.1 Right to win 299 15.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices 299 15.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 299 15.1.5 NUCOR CORPORATION 300 15.1.5.1 Business overview 300 15.1.5.2 Products offered 301 15.1.5.3 Recent developments 301 15.1.5.3.1 Product launches 301 15.1.5.3.2 Deals 302 15.1.5.3.3 Expansions 303 15.1.5.4 MnM view 305 15.1.5.4.1 Right to win 305 15.1.5.4.2 Strategic choices 305 15.1.5.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 305 15.1.6 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION 306 15.1.6.1 Business overview 306 15.1.6.2 Products offered 307 15.1.6.3 Recent developments 308 15.1.6.3.1 Product launches 308 15.1.6.3.2 Deals 309 15.1.6.3.3 Expansions 310 15.1.6.4 MnM view 311 15.1.7 ANSTEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED 312 15.1.7.1 Business overview 312 15.1.7.2 Products offered 312 15.1.7.3 Recent developments 313 15.1.7.3.1 Product launches 313 15.1.7.3.2 Deals 314 15.1.7.4 MnM view 315 15.1.8 POSCO 316 15.1.8.1 Business overview 316 15.1.8.2 Products offered 317 15.1.8.3 Recent developments 318 15.1.8.3.1 Deals 318 15.1.8.4 MnM view 320 15.1.9 HBIS GROUP CO., LTD. 321 15.1.9.1 Business overview 321 15.1.9.2 Products offered 321 15.1.9.3 Recent developments 322 15.1.9.3.1 Product launches 322 15.1.9.3.2 Deals 323 15.1.9.3.3 Expansions 324 15.1.9.4 MnM view 324 15.1.10 STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD. (SAIL) 325 15.1.10.1 Business overview 325 15.1.10.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 326 15.1.10.3 Recent developments 327 15.1.10.3.1 Deals 327 15.1.10.3.2 Expansions 328 15.1.10.4 MnM view 329 15.1.11 CSN (NATIONAL STEEL COMPANY) 330 15.1.11.1 Business overview 330 15.1.11.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 331 15.1.11.3 Recent developments 332 15.1.11.3.1 Deals 332 15.1.11.3.2 Expansions 333 15.1.11.4 MnM view 333 15.1.12 SSAB AB 334 15.1.12.1 Business overview 334 15.1.12.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 335 15.1.12.3 Recent developments 336 15.1.12.3.1 Product launches 336 15.1.12.3.2 Deals 336 15.1.12.3.3 Expansions 338 15.1.12.4 MnM view 339 15.2 OTHER PLAYERS 340 15.2.1 SHAGANG GROUP 340 15.2.2 NLMK 341 15.2.3 SEVERSTAL 342 15.2.4 EREĞLI DEMIR VE ÇELIK FAB. T.A.Ş. 343 15.2.5 SOHAR STEEL 344 15.2.6 C.D. WALZHOLZ GMBH & CO. KG 345 15.2.7 HENAN ANHUILONG STEEL CO., LTD. 346 15.2.8 HEBEI DONGHAI SPECIAL STEEL GROUP 347 15.2.9 FENG HSIN STEEL CO. LTD. 348 15.2.10 WORTHINGTON STEEL, INC. 349 15.2.11 LIBERTY STEEL GROUP 350 15.2.12 GERDAU 351 15.2.13 CORROS METALS PVT. LTD. 352 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 353 16.1 RESEARCH DATA 353 16.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 354 16.1.1.1 Key data from secondary sources 354 16.1.1.2 List of secondary sources 354 16.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 355 16.1.2.1 Key primary participants 355 16.1.2.2 Key data from primary sources 355 16.1.2.3 Breakdown of interviews with experts 356 16.1.2.4 Key industry insights 356 16.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 357 16.2.1 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 357 16.2.2 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 357 16.3 BASE NUMBER CALCULATION 358 16.3.1 SUPPLY-SIDE APPROACH 358 16.4 GROWTH FORECAST 359 16.5 DATA TRIANGULATION 359 16.6 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 360 16.7 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS & RISK ASSESSMENT 361 17 APPENDIX 362 17.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE 362 17.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 366 17.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 368 17.4 RELATED REPORTS 368 17.5 AUTHOR DETAILS 369

TABLE 1 GLOBAL IRON ORE MINE PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY, 2024 44 TABLE 2 GLOBAL APPARENT STEEL USE, BY REGION, 2024 45 TABLE 3 IMPACT OF PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS ON IRON & STEEL MARKET 57 TABLE 4 GLOBAL GDP GROWTH PROJECTION, 2021–2028 (USD TRILLION) 60 TABLE 5 ROLES OF COMPANIES IN IRON & STEEL ECOSYSTEM 62 TABLE 6 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF IRON & STEEL OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS, BY TYPE, 2025 (USD/KG) 63 TABLE 7 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF IRON & STEEL, BY REGION, 2021–2024 (USD/KG) 64 TABLE 8 IMPORT DATA RELATED TO HS CODE 78, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2025 (USD THOUSAND) 66 TABLE 9 EXPORT DATA RELATED TO HS CODE 78, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2025 (USD THOUSAND) 67 TABLE 10 IRON & STEEL MARKET: KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2026–2027 67 TABLE 11 IRON & STEEL MARKET: KEY TARIFF RATES 71 TABLE 12 IRON & STEEL MARKET: LIST OF MAJOR PATENTS IN 2025 82 TABLE 13 TOP USE CASES AND MARKET POTENTIAL 85 TABLE 14 BEST PRACTICES: COMPANIES IMPLEMENTING USE CASES 86 TABLE 15 IRON & STEEL MARKET: CASE STUDIES RELATED TO GENERATIVE AI IMPLEMENTATION 86 TABLE 16 NORTH AMERICA: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 89 TABLE 17 EUROPE: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 89 TABLE 18 ASIA PACIFIC: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 90 TABLE 19 SOUTH AMERICA: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 91 TABLE 20 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 91 TABLE 21 GLOBAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS IN IRON & STEEL MARKET 92 TABLE 22 CERTIFICATIONS, LABELING, AND ECO-STANDARDS IN IRON & STEEL MARKET 95 TABLE 23 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS FOR TOP 3 END-USE INDUSTRIES OF IRON & STEEL 99 TABLE 24 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR TOP THREE END-USE INDUSTRIES OF IRON & STEEL 100 TABLE 25 UNMET NEEDS IN IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY 102 TABLE 26 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 106 TABLE 27 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY TYPE, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 106 TABLE 28 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY TYPE, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 107 TABLE 29 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY TYPE, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 107 TABLE 30 STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 114 TABLE 31 STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 114 TABLE 32 STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 114 TABLE 33 STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 115 TABLE 34 IRON MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 119 TABLE 35 IRON MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 119 TABLE 36 IRON MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 120 TABLE 37 IRON MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 120 TABLE 38 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 124 TABLE 39 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 124 TABLE 40 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 124 TABLE 41 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 125 TABLE 42 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 131 TABLE 43 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 131 TABLE 44 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 132 TABLE 45 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 132 TABLE 46 NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 133 TABLE 47 NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 133 TABLE 48 NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 133 TABLE 49 NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 134 TABLE 50 NORTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 134 TABLE 51 NORTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 134 TABLE 52 NORTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 134 TABLE 53 NORTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 135 TABLE 54 NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 135 TABLE 55 NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 135 TABLE 56 NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 136 TABLE 57 NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 136 TABLE 58 US: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 137 TABLE 59 US: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 137 TABLE 60 US: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 137 TABLE 61 US: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 138 TABLE 62 US: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 138 TABLE 63 US: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 138 TABLE 64 US: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 139 TABLE 65 US: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 139 TABLE 66 CANADA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 140 TABLE 67 CANADA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 140 TABLE 68 CANADA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 141 TABLE 69 CANADA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 141 TABLE 70 CANADA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 141 TABLE 71 CANADA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 141 TABLE 72 CANADA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 142 TABLE 73 CANADA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 142 TABLE 74 MEXICO: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 143 TABLE 75 MEXICO: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 143 TABLE 76 MEXICO: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 143 TABLE 77 MEXICO: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 144 TABLE 78 MEXICO: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 144 TABLE 79 MEXICO: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 144 TABLE 80 MEXICO: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 145 TABLE 81 MEXICO: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 145 TABLE 82 REST OF NORTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 146 TABLE 83 REST OF NORTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 146 TABLE 84 REST OF NORTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 146 TABLE 85 REST OF NORTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 146 TABLE 86 REST OF NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 147 TABLE 87 REST OF NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 147 TABLE 88 REST OF NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 147 TABLE 89 REST OF NORTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 148 TABLE 90 ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 149 TABLE 91 ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 150 TABLE 92 ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 150 TABLE 93 ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 150 TABLE 94 ASIA PACIFIC: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 150 TABLE 95 ASIA PACIFIC: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 151 TABLE 96 ASIA PACIFIC: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 151 TABLE 97 ASIA PACIFIC: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 151 TABLE 98 ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 151 TABLE 99 ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 152 TABLE 100 ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 152 TABLE 101 ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 152 TABLE 102 CHINA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 153 TABLE 103 CHINA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 154 TABLE 104 CHINA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 154 TABLE 105 CHINA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 154 TABLE 106 CHINA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 154 TABLE 107 CHINA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 155 TABLE 108 CHINA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 155 TABLE 109 CHINA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 155 TABLE 110 INDIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 156 TABLE 111 INDIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 157 TABLE 112 INDIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 157 TABLE 113 INDIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 157 TABLE 114 INDIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 157 TABLE 115 INDIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 158 TABLE 116 INDIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 158 TABLE 117 INDIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 158 TABLE 118 JAPAN: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 159 TABLE 119 JAPAN: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 160 TABLE 120 JAPAN: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 160 TABLE 121 JAPAN: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 160 TABLE 122 JAPAN: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 160 TABLE 123 JAPAN: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 161 TABLE 124 JAPAN: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 161 TABLE 125 JAPAN: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 161 TABLE 126 SOUTH KOREA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 162 TABLE 127 SOUTH KOREA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 163 TABLE 128 SOUTH KOREA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 163 TABLE 129 SOUTH KOREA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 163 TABLE 130 SOUTH KOREA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 163 TABLE 131 SOUTH KOREA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 164 TABLE 132 SOUTH KOREA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 164 TABLE 133 SOUTH KOREA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 164 TABLE 134 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 165 TABLE 135 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 165 TABLE 136 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 165 TABLE 137 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 166 TABLE 138 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 166 TABLE 139 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 166 TABLE 140 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 167 TABLE 141 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 167 TABLE 142 EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 169 TABLE 143 EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 169 TABLE 144 EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 169 TABLE 145 EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 170 TABLE 146 EUROPE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 170 TABLE 147 EUROPE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 170 TABLE 148 EUROPE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 170 TABLE 149 EUROPE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 171 TABLE 150 EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 171 TABLE 151 EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 171 TABLE 152 EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 172 TABLE 153 EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 172 TABLE 154 GERMANY: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 173 TABLE 155 GERMANY: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 173 TABLE 156 GERMANY: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 174 TABLE 157 GERMANY: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 174 TABLE 158 GERMANY: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 174 TABLE 159 GERMANY: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 174 TABLE 160 GERMANY: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 175 TABLE 161 GERMANY: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 175 TABLE 162 UK: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 176 TABLE 163 UK: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 176 TABLE 164 UK: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 176 TABLE 165 UK: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 177 TABLE 166 UK: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 177 TABLE 167 UK: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 177 TABLE 168 UK: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 178 TABLE 169 UK: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 178 TABLE 170 FRANCE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 179 TABLE 171 FRANCE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 179 TABLE 172 FRANCE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 179 TABLE 173 FRANCE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 180 TABLE 174 FRANCE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 180 TABLE 175 FRANCE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 180 TABLE 176 FRANCE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 181 TABLE 177 FRANCE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 181 TABLE 178 RUSSIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 182 TABLE 179 RUSSIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 182 TABLE 180 RUSSIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 182 TABLE 181 RUSSIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 183 TABLE 182 RUSSIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 183 TABLE 183 RUSSIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 183 TABLE 184 RUSSIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 184 TABLE 185 RUSSIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 184 TABLE 186 SPAIN: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 185 TABLE 187 SPAIN: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 185 TABLE 188 SPAIN: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 185 TABLE 189 SPAIN: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 186 TABLE 190 SPAIN: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 186 TABLE 191 SPAIN: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 186 TABLE 192 SPAIN: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 187 TABLE 193 SPAIN: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 187 TABLE 194 ITALY: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 188 TABLE 195 ITALY: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 188 TABLE 196 ITALY: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 188 TABLE 197 ITALY: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 189 TABLE 198 ITALY: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 189 TABLE 199 ITALY: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 189 TABLE 200 ITALY: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 190 TABLE 201 ITALY: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 190 TABLE 202 REST OF EUROPE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 191 TABLE 203 REST OF EUROPE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 191 TABLE 204 REST OF EUROPE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 191 TABLE 205 REST OF EUROPE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 191 TABLE 206 REST OF EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 192 TABLE 207 REST OF EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 192 TABLE 208 REST OF EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 192 TABLE 209 REST OF EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 193 TABLE 210 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 194 TABLE 211 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 194 TABLE 212 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 194 TABLE 213 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 195 TABLE 214 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 195 TABLE 215 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 195 TABLE 216 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 196 TABLE 217 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 196 TABLE 218 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 196 TABLE 219 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 197 TABLE 220 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 197 TABLE 221 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 197 TABLE 222 GCC COUNTRIES: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 198 TABLE 223 GCC COUNTRIES: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 199 TABLE 224 GCC COUNTRIES: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 199 TABLE 225 GCC COUNTRIES: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 199 TABLE 226 GCC COUNTRIES: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 200 TABLE 227 GCC COUNTRIES: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 200 TABLE 228 GCC COUNTRIES: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 200 TABLE 229 GCC COUNTRIES: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 201 TABLE 230 SAUDI ARABIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 202 TABLE 231 SAUDI ARABIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 202 TABLE 232 SAUDI ARABIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 202 TABLE 233 SAUDI ARABIA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 202 TABLE 234 SAUDI ARABIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 203 TABLE 235 SAUDI ARABIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 203 TABLE 236 SAUDI ARABIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 203 TABLE 237 SAUDI ARABIA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 204 TABLE 238 UAE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 205 TABLE 239 UAE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 205 TABLE 240 UAE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 205 TABLE 241 UAE: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 205 TABLE 242 UAE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2 022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 206 TABLE 243 UAE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 206 TABLE 244 UAE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 206 TABLE 245 UAE: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 207 TABLE 246 REST OF GCC COUNTRIES: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 207 TABLE 247 REST OF GCC COUNTRIES: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 208 TABLE 248 REST OF GCC COUNTRIES: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 208 TABLE 249 REST OF GCC COUNTRIES: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 208 TABLE 250 REST OF GCC COUNTRIES: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 209 TABLE 251 REST OF GCC COUNTRIES: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 209 TABLE 252 REST OF GCC COUNTRIES: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 209 TABLE 253 REST OF GCC COUNTRIES: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 210 TABLE 254 SOUTH AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 211 TABLE 255 SOUTH AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 211 TABLE 256 SOUTH AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 211 TABLE 257 SOUTH AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 212 TABLE 258 SOUTH AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 212 TABLE 259 SOUTH AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 212 TABLE 260 SOUTH AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 213 TABLE 261 SOUTH AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 213 TABLE 262 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 214 TABLE 263 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 214 TABLE 264 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 214 TABLE 265 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 215 TABLE 266 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 215 TABLE 267 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 215 TABLE 268 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 216 TABLE 269 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 216 TABLE 270 SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 217 TABLE 271 SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 217 TABLE 272 SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY , 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 217 TABLE 273 SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 218 TABLE 274 SOUTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 218 TABLE 275 SOUTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 218 TABLE 276 SOUTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 218 TABLE 277 SOUTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 219 TABLE 278 SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 219 TABLE 279 SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 219 TABLE 280 SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 220 TABLE 281 SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 220 TABLE 282 BRAZIL: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 221 TABLE 283 BRAZIL: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 221 TABLE 284 BRAZIL: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 221 TABLE 285 BRAZIL: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 222 TABLE 286 BRAZIL: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 222 TABLE 287 BRAZIL: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 222 TABLE 288 BRAZIL: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 223 TABLE 289 BRAZIL: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 223 TABLE 290 ARGENTINA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 224 TABLE 291 ARGENTINA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 224 TABLE 292 ARGENTINA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 224 TABLE 293 ARGENTINA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 225 TABLE 294 ARGENTINA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 225 TABLE 295 ARGENTINA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 225 TABLE 296 ARGENTINA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 226 TABLE 297 ARGENTINA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 226 TABLE 298 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 227 TABLE 299 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 227 TABLE 300 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 227 TABLE 301 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA: STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 227 TABLE 302 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (MILLION TONS) 228 TABLE 303 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (MILLION TONS) 228 TABLE 304 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2024 (USD BILLION) 228 TABLE 305 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA: IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2025–2031 (USD BILLION) 229 TABLE 306 IRON & STEEL MARKET: OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY MARKET PLAYERS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 230 TABLE 307 IRON & STEEL: DEGREE OF COMPETITION 234 TABLE 308 IRON & STEEL MARKET: REGION FOOTPRINT 240 TABLE 309 IRON & STEEL MARKET: TYPE FOOTPRINT 241 TABLE 310 IRON MARKET: IRON PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOOTPRINT 242 TABLE 311 STEEL MARKET: STEEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOOTPRINT 243 TABLE 312 STEEL MARKET: END-USE INDUSTRY FOOTPRINT 244 TABLE 313 IRON & STEEL MARKET: LIST OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES, 2025 247 TABLE 314 IRON & STEEL MARKET: COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES, 2024 248 TABLE 315 IRON & STEEL MARKET: PRODUCTS LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 251 TABLE 316 IRON & STEEL MARKET: DEALS, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 256 TABLE 317 IRON & STEEL MARKET: EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 267 TABLE 318 ARCELORMITTAL: COMPANY OVERVIEW 274 TABLE 319 ARCELORMITTAL: PRODUCTS OFFERED 275 TABLE 320 ARCELORMITTAL: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 276 TABLE 321 ARCELORMITTAL: DEALS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 277 TABLE 322 ARCELORMITTAL: EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 279 TABLE 323 CHINA BAOWU STEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: COMPANY OVERVIEW 281 TABLE 324 CHINA BAOWU STEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: PRODUCTS OFFERED 282 TABLE 325 CHINA BAOWU STEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 283 TABLE 326 CHINA BAOWU STEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: DEALS, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 284 TABLE 327 CHINA BAOWU STEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 286 TABLE 328 TATA STEEL: COMPANY OVERVIEW 288 TABLE 329 TATA STEEL: PRODUCTS OFFERED 289 TABLE 330 TATA STEEL: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 291 TABLE 331 TATA STEEL: DEALS, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 291 TABLE 332 TATA STEEL: EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 293 TABLE 333 JSW: COMPANY OVERVIEW 295 TABLE 334 JSW: PRODUCTS OFFERED 296 TABLE 335 JSW: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 296 TABLE 336 JSW: DEALS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 297 TABLE 337 JSW: EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 298 TABLE 338 NUCOR CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW 300 TABLE 339 NUCOR CORPORATION: PRODUCTS OFFERED 301 TABLE 340 NUCOR CORPORATION: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 301 TABLE 341 NUCOR CORPORATION: DEALS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 302 TABLE 342 NUCOR CORPORATION: EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 303 TABLE 343 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW 306 TABLE 344 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION: PRODUCTS OFFERED 307 TABLE 345 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 308 TABLE 346 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION: DEALS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 309 TABLE 347 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION: EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 310 TABLE 348 ANSTEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: COMPANY OVERVIEW 312 TABLE 349 ANSTEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: PRODUCTS OFFERED 312 TABLE 350 ANSTEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 313 TABLE 351 ANSTEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: DEALS, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 314 TABLE 352 POSCO: COMPANY OVERVIEW 316 TABLE 353 POSCO: PRODUCTS OFFERED 317 TABLE 354 POSCO: DEALS, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 318 TABLE 355 HBIS GROUP CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 321 TABLE 356 HBIS GROUP CO., LTD.: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 321 TABLE 357 HBIS GROUP CO., LTD.: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021– MARCH 2026 322 TABLE 358 HBIS GROUP CO., LTD.: DEALS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 323 TABLE 359 HBIS GROUP CO., LTD.: EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 324 TABLE 360 STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD. (SAIL): COMPANY OVERVIEW 325 TABLE 361 STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD. (SAIL): PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/ SERVICES OFFERED 326 TABLE 362 STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD. (SAIL): DEALS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 327 TABLE 363 STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD. (SAIL): EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 328 TABLE 364 CSN (NATIONAL STEEL COMPANY): COMPANY OVERVIEW 330 TABLE 365 CSN (NATIONAL STEEL COMPANY): PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 331 TABLE 366 CSN (NATIONAL STEEL COMPANY): DEALS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 332 TABLE 367 CSN (NATIONAL STEEL COMPANY): EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 333 TABLE 368 SSAB AB: COMPANY OVERVIEW 334 TABLE 369 SSAB AB: PRODUCTS OFFERED 335 TABLE 370 SSAB AB: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2021–DECEMBER 2025 336 TABLE 371 SSAB AB: DEALS, JANUARY 2021–DECEMBER 2025 336 TABLE 372 SSAB AB: EXPANSIONS, JANUARY 2021–MARCH 2026 338 TABLE 373 SHAGANG GROUP: COMPANY OVERVIEW 340 TABLE 374 NLMK: COMPANY OVERVIEW 341 TABLE 375 SEVERSTAL: COMPANY OVERVIEW 342 TABLE 376 EREĞLI DEMIR VE ÇELIK FAB. T.A.Ş.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 343 TABLE 377 SOHAR STEEL: COMPANY OVERVIEW 344 TABLE 378 C.D. WALZHOLZ GMBH & CO. KG: COMPANY OVERVIEW 345 TABLE 379 HENAN ANHUILONG STEEL CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 346 TABLE 380 HEBEI DONGHAI SPECIAL STEEL GROUP: COMPANY OVERVIEW 347 TABLE 381 FENG HSIN STEEL CO. LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 348 TABLE 382 WORTHINGTON STEEL, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 349 TABLE 383 LIBERTY STEEL GROUP: COMPANY OVERVIEW 350 TABLE 384 GERDAU: COMPANY OVERVIEW 351 TABLE 385 CORROS METALS PVT. LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 352 FIGURE 1 IRON & STEEL MARKET SEGMENTATION & REGIONAL SCOPE 31 FIGURE 2 KEY INSIGHTS AND MARKET HIGHLIGHTS 34 FIGURE 3 GLOBAL IRON & STEEL MARKET, 2022–2031 35 FIGURE 4 MAJOR STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY PLAYERS IN IRON & STEEL MARKET (2021–2025) 35 FIGURE 5 DISRUPTIVE TRENDS IMPACTING GROWTH OF IRON & STEEL MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 36 FIGURE 6 HIGH-GROWTH SEGMENTS AND EMERGING FRONTIERS IN IRON & STEEL MARKET, 2026–2031 37 FIGURE 7 ASIA PACIFIC TO BE LARGEST MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 38 FIGURE 8 HIGH DEMAND FOR IRON & STEEL IN VARIOUS END-USE INDUSTRIES TO CREATE LUCRATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR MARKET PLAYERS 39 FIGURE 9 STEEL SEGMENT AND BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION END-USE INDUSTRY ACCOUNTED FOR LARGEST MARKET SHARES IN 2025 40 FIGURE 10 BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE SEGMENT DOMINATED IRON & STEEL MARKET IN 2025 41 FIGURE 11 BLAST FURNACE PROCESS SEGMENT DOMINATED IRON & STEEL MARKET IN 2025 41 FIGURE 12 INDIA TO REGISTER HIGHEST CAGR DURING FORECAST PERIOD 42 FIGURE 13 IRON & STEEL MARKET: DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES 43 FIGURE 14 GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION OUTPUT YEAR-ON-YEAR % CHANGE, (2023–2026) 46 FIGURE 15 IRON & STEEL MARKET: PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 56 FIGURE 16 IRON & STEEL MARKET: VALUE CHAIN 61 FIGURE 17 IRON & STEEL MARKET: ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 62 FIGURE 18 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF IRON & STEEL OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS, BY TYPE INDUSTRY, 2024 (USD/KG) 63 FIGURE 19 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF IRON & STEEL, BY REGION, 2021–2024 (USD/KG) 64 FIGURE 20 IMPORT DATA RELATED TO HS CODE 78, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2025 (USD THOUSAND) 65 FIGURE 21 EXPORT DATA RELATED TO HS CODE 78, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2025 (USD THOUSAND) 66 FIGURE 22 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 68 FIGURE 23 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO, 2018–2025 69 FIGURE 24 LIST OF MAJOR PATENTS RELATED TO IRON & STEEL, 2015–2025 81 FIGURE 25 REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF PATENTS GRANTED FOR IRON & STEEL, 2015–2025 81 FIGURE 26 IRON & STEEL MARKET: DECISION-MAKING FACTORS 98 FIGURE 27 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS FOR TOP 3 END-USE INDUSTRIES 99 FIGURE 28 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR TOP 3 END-USE INDUSTRIES 100 FIGURE 29 ADOPTION BARRIERS & INTERNAL CHALLENGES 101 FIGURE 30 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY TYPE, 2026 VS. 2031 (USD BILLION) 106 FIGURE 31 STEEL MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2026 VS. 2031 (USD BILLION) 114 FIGURE 32 IRON MARKET, BY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, 2026 VS. 2031 (USD BILLION) 119 FIGURE 33 IRON & STEEL MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2026 VS. 2031 (USD BILLION) 123 FIGURE 34 INDIA TO BE FASTEST-GROWING MARKET FOR IRON & STEEL DURING FORECAST PERIOD 131 FIGURE 35 ASIA PACIFIC: IRON & STEEL MARKET SNAPSHOT 149 FIGURE 36 EUROPE: IRON & STEEL MARKET SNAPSHOT 168 FIGURE 37 IRON & STEEL MARKET: REVENUE ANALYSIS OF KEY PLAYERS, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION) 232 FIGURE 38 IRON & STEEL MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2025 233 FIGURE 39 IRON & STEEL MARKET: BRAND COMPARISON 236 FIGURE 40 IRON & STEEL MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX (KEY PLAYERS), 2025 238 FIGURE 41 IRON & STEEL MARKET: COMPANY FOOTPRINT, 2025 239 FIGURE 42 IRON & STEEL MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX (STARTUPS/SMES), 2025 246 FIGURE 43 COMPANY VALUATION (USD BILLION) 249 FIGURE 44 FINANCIAL METRICS: EV/EBITDA RATIO 250 FIGURE 45 YEAR-TO-DATE PRICE AND FIVE-YEAR STOCK BETA 250 FIGURE 46 ARCELORMITTAL: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 275 FIGURE 47 CHINA BAOWU STEEL GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 281 FIGURE 48 TATA STEEL: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 289 FIGURE 49 JSW: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 295 FIGURE 50 NUCOR CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 300 FIGURE 51 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 307 FIGURE 52 POSCO: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 317 FIGURE 53 STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LTD. (SAIL): COMPANY SNAPSHOT 326 FIGURE 54 CSN (NATIONAL STEEL COMPANY): COMPANY SNAPSHOT 331 FIGURE 55 SSAB AB: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 335 FIGURE 56 IRON & STEEL MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN 353 FIGURE 57 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: TOP-DOWN APPROACH 357 FIGURE 58 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 357 FIGURE 59 IRON & STEEL MARKET: BASE NUMBER CALCULATION APPROACH 358 FIGURE 60 IRON & STEEL MARKET: DATA TRIANGULATION 359